Alevel物理真題解析:熱力學簡答題(ideal gas、internal energy等)

接觸到熱力學(Thermal physics),會(hui) 從(cong) 微觀粒子(particles或molecules)的角度來解釋物質的溫度、壓強、動能、勢能等問題。學生們(men) 會(hui) 覺得微觀的部分不太好理解,知識點可以理解,落實到練習(xi) 題,仍然會(hui) 有下不了手的感覺。

今天我們(men) 整理並分享幾道ideal gas(理想氣體(ti) )相關(guan) 的簡答題。通過這幾題輔助大家思考一下理論知識點和考題的聯係。

試題來源:CAIE A Level物理(9702)近年真題

問題1:What is meant by an ideal gas.

解析:

這是一道基礎的定義(yi) 題,解釋什麽(me) 是ideal gas。

簡單來說隻要符合ideal gas equation,pV / T = constant的,就叫理想氣體(ti) 。

不過要同時解釋清楚p、V和T分別代表哪些物理量。

答案:

ž gas obeys formula pV / T = constant

ž p is pressure

ž V is volume

ž T is kelvin temperature

問題2:An ideal gas is said to consist of molecules that are hard elastic identical spheres. State two further assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases.

解析:

問題要求寫(xie) 兩(liang) 點關(guan) 於(yu) kinetic theory of gas的假設。

假設一共有好多條,大致可以整理成6條,這幾條是後麵理解kinetic theory equation的推導和有關(guan) 理想氣體(ti) internal energy相關(guan) 問題的重要前提。

答案:

6選2,優(you) 先選擇前麵幾條答案。

ž total volume of molecules negligible compared to that of container

ž no intermolecular forces/ no forces between molecules (except during collisions)

ž molecules in random motion

ž all collisions involving molecules of the gas are elastic

ž time of collision small compared with the time between collisions

ž large number of molecules

問題3:One of the assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases is related to the volume of the atoms.

解析:

本題是由上述6條假設延伸出的問題,要求我們(men) 寫(xie) 有關(guan) 粒子體(ti) 積的那一條假設。

答案:

assumption: volume of atoms negligible compared to volume of container

問題4:ΔU = (+q) + (+w) 熱力學第一定律這幾個(ge) 字母所代表的含義(yi) 。

解析:

ΔU指的是內(nei) 能(internal energy)的變化,如果internal energy增加,那ΔU是正的;如果internal energy減少,那ΔU是負的。

q代表這個(ge) 係統吸收thermal energy或者釋放thermal energy。

w代表work done,做功,是對係統做功還是係統對外做功。

答案:

ž +ΔU : the increase or decrease in internal energy of the system

ž -ΔU decrease in internal energy of the system

ž +q:thermal energy transfer to system

ž + w:work done on system

問題5:State what is meant by the internal energy of a system.

解析:

Internal energy的定義(yi) ,指的是組成物質的particles所具有的動能和勢能的總和。

U=Σk.e.+Σp.e.

答案:

ž sum of potential energy and kinetic energy (of particles)

ž (total) energy of random motion of particles

問題6:By reference to intermolecular forces, explain why the change in internal energy of an ideal gas is equal to the change in total kinetic energy of its molecules.

解析:

通過討論分子間作用力來解釋內(nei) 能的變化=總動能的變化。

內(nei) 能公式:U=Σk.e.+Σp.e.;要想ΔU=ΔΣk.e.,那麽(me) Σp.e.必須等於(yu) 0

再結合kinetic theory of ideal gas的假設,粒子之間沒有分子間作用力,所以也沒有potential energy。

整理一下思路得到下麵答案。

答案:

ž (in ideal gas,) no intermolecular forces

ž no potential energy

ž so change in kinetic energy is change in internal energy

問題7:Use one of the assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases to explain why the potential energy of the molecules of an ideal gas is zero.

解析:

和問題6是類似的問題,答案隻需要寫(xie) 到potential energy=0就可以了。

答案:

ž no intermolecular forces (so no potential energy)

問題8:Explain why, for an ideal gas, the change in internal energy is directly proportional to the change in thermodynamic temperature of the gas.

解析:

這也是一道有關(guan) 內(nei) 能公式的延伸問題。

解釋ΔU和熱力學溫度成正比,而溫度和k.e.成正比,也就是ΔU和k.e.成正比,那麽(me) 就回到了問題6。

自然就得到下麵的答案。

答案:

ž (in ideal gas) no intermolecular forces so no potential energy

ž internal energy is (solely) sum of kinetic energy (of particles)

ž (mean) kinetic energy (of particles) proportional to (thermodynamic) temperature of gas

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