AP心理學知識點概況1 Scientific Foundations

AP心理學考點概況1--- Scientific Foundations

Chapter 1  History and Approaches

考試分析：本章主要介紹⼼理學發展史、重要的⼼理學家以及⼼理學研究的領域等。這部分內(nei) 容在AP ⼼理學考試中主要以MCQ的⽅式出現。本章難度⽐較簡單，建議在學習(xi) 的時候通過思維導圖來梳理知識脈絡，幫助記憶。

Chapter 2  Methods

考試分析：本章是⼼理學考試中⾮常重要的部分，要求學⽣掌握：

1、相關(guan) 的研究⽅法及其特征；

2、⼼理學相關(guan) 的倫(lun) 理要求；

3、⼼理學相關(guan) 的統計學知識。

從(cong) ⽽達到對現有的⼼理學研究進⾏分析和評估的⽔平。這部分會(hui) 以MCQ和FRQ的形式進⾏考試，⽽且考試⼤綱明確指出，這部分內(nei) 容會(hui) 出FRQ的題⽬。難度較⼤。

AP心理學單詞1--- Scientific Foundations

Chapter 1  History and Approaches

Introspection

Structuralism

Functionalism

Psychoanalytic theory

Behaviorism

Humanist perspective

Psychoanalytic perspective

Biopsychology (or neuroscience) perspective

Evolutionary (or Darwinian) perspective

Behavioral perspective

Cognitive perspective

Social-cultural (or sociocultural) perspective

Key People

Wilhelm Wundt

William James

Mary Whiton Calkins

Margaret Floy Washburn

G. Stanley Hall

Max Wertheimer

Sigmund Freud

John B. Watson

Ivan Pavlov

B. F. Skinner

Abraham Maslow

Carl Rogers

Charles Darwin

Jean Piaget

Chapter 2  Methods

Hindsight bias

Applied research

Basic research

Hypothesis

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Theory

Operational definition

Validity

Reliability

Sampling

Sample

Population

Representative sample

Random sampling

Stratified sampling

Experiment—laboratory and field

Confounding variables—participant- and situation-relevant

Random assignment

Controls

Group matching

Experimenter bias

Double-blind procedure

Single-blind procedure

Response or participant bias

Social desirability

Hawthorne effect

Placebo method

Correlations—positive and negative

Naturalistic observation

Case study method

Survey method

Response rate

Descriptive statistics

Frequency distribution

Measures of central tendency—mean, median,mode

Extreme scores or outliers

Positive versus negative skew

Measures of variability—range, standard deviation, variance z score

Normal curve

Correlation coefficient

Scatter plotLine of best fit/regression line

Inferential statistics

Sampling errorp value

Statistical significance

Institutional

Review

Board (IRB)

Coercion

Informed consent

Anonymity

Confidentiality

Debriefing