托福考情速遞｜2025年1月8日托福考情

1月8日托福考試落下帷幕，考情速遞也已經出爐了！

2025年第一考題目難度還是很友好的！寫(xie) 作整套原題重複 閱讀也均有不少原題重複

閱讀

R1

The Angiosesperm Revolution

2021閱讀真題100篇Passage 1-50 / Passage 49

Of all the kinds of modern land plants one group dominates: the angiosesperms, or flowering plants. With over 250,000 living species, they are the majority of plants of most habitats—except marine environments, which are still habitats for the more primitive algae. But angiosesperms were a comparatively recent development in plant evolution. They arose in the mid-Mesozoic (approximately 200 million years ago to 145 million years ago), but by about 100 million years ago they had pushed the conifers (plants having cone-shaped reproductive structures rather than flowers for reproduction) into the background. Even earlier types of plants such as ferns are now restricted to certain wet habitats, and many of the dominant gymnosperms (plants with exposed seeds, such as conifers) of the early Mesozoic have now been largely replaced by angiosesperms; the formerly dominant gymnosperms that did not become completely extinct now survive in comparatively few places.

Why were the angiosesperms so successful? A major advantage they have over more primitive plants is their efficient mode of reproduction—the flower and all of its complex reproductive mechanisms that ensure success. Instead of the inefficient wind—pollinated gymnosperm seed, which wastes a huge amount of pollen and is dependent on random breezes, angiosesperms have evolved flowers specifically as devices to attract pollinators—mainly insects (especially moths, butterflies, and bees) but also birds, bats, and other flying creatures. The pollinators ensure that the pollen is carried directly from one flower of the same species to another, which is more efficient than relying on the wind. This process of delivery is called cross-pollination. The reproductive cycle is highly modified: the ovules (egg-producing organs) are fully enclosed within protective covers called carpels, which form the core of the flower. The carpel protects the ovule from drying out, from fungal infection, and from predation by plant-eating insects. Pollen-producing organs called stamens are surrounded by petals (which serve to attract the pollinator and guide it to the ovules in many cases) and an outer covering of sepals for protection. Typically, a pollinator gets pollen stuck onto it as it climbs into a flower, seeking the nectar that is generated to lure it. The ovule is usually pollinated by the sperm carried from a different flower, thus minimizing self-fertilization (but angiosesperms can also self-fertilize if cross-pollination is not possible).

Once the pollen has been delivered, a pollen tube transports the sperm to the ovules. Here angiosesperms have another advantage: double fertilization. The pollen carry two sperm nuclei, one of which fuses with the egg nucleus to form the embryo, the other of which fuses with two other nuclei to form a food supply for the embryo. This means that angiosesperms don’t need to invest a lot of energy creating food stores for each seed until it is fertilized (unlike gymnosperms, which create food even for infertile seeds).

The entire process of fertilization and producing an embryo takes place in only a few weeks or days, so angiosesperms can sprout, flower, reproduce, and die in a single season if necessary. By contrast, most gymnosperms are slow to grow and reproduce (usually taking at least eighteen months between reproductive cycles) and cannot accomplish the entire process in a single season. For gymnosperms such as evergreen conifers to live in highly seasonal, cold-winter climates, they must be able to survive the cold and shut down much of their physiological systems during winter. Many angiosesperms, on the other hand, are annuals—sprouting in the spring, flowering, and producing seeds that can survive until the next winter while the rest of the plant dies. This rapid reproduction enables them to quickly exploit habitats that other plants cannot.

Finally, angiosesperms are known not only for their rapid growth rates but for their ability to grow back quickly after they have been munched by animals. Think of how quickly the grass grows back after you mow it (or an animal grazes it). By contrast, ferns cannot grow back so quickly after they have been heavily eaten, and often die if the damage is too great (such as when an animal eats the growing tip of the plant) whereas many angiosesperms can be eaten right down to their roots but grow back again.

R2

Essentials of Chinese Art

第一段：

學者們(men) 開始質疑中國藝術是否有固定不變的特點。以往的觀點多基於(yu) 某些時期男性精英階層的審美和價(jia) 值觀，而忽略了民間、宗教、工藝藝術以及女性的文化活動。此外，人們(men) 越來越認識到中國藝術與(yu) 其他文化的互動與(yu) 借鑒。盡管對“本質主義(yi) ”的質疑存在，但仍可以探討中國藝術在世界藝術史中的獨特性。

第二段
：

中國文明與(yu) 其工藝品密切相關(guan) 。例如，古希臘人和羅馬人稱中國為(wei) “絲(si) 之國”，而早期現代歐洲提到“瓷器”時可能同時指向中國。中國在陶瓷、玉器、絲(si) 綢、漆器等工藝領域技術卓越，甚至達到工業(ye) 化生產(chan) 規模。許多工藝品不僅(jin) 是文化裝飾，還對經濟和社會(hui) 產(chan) 生重要影響。

第三段：

“工藝藝術”在中國語境中指代高度技藝和組織化的傳(chuan) 統，而非西方現代語境中“工藝”與(yu) “美術”對立的貶義(yi) 概念。雖然中國藝術傳(chuan) 統也區分“書(shu) 法、繪畫、建築”等文人藝術與(yu) 依賴工藝技能的藝術，但這種區分隨著時間的推移變得流動。例如，古代陶瓷和青銅器被文人和皇室收藏家珍視，而許多工匠也因技藝精湛而聞名。

第四段：

祖先崇拜自商代以來便是中國文化的重要特征，並持續至今。這種文化傳(chuan) 統直接催生了與(yu) 祭祀相關(guan) 的藝術形式，包括墓葬建築、雕塑、青銅器、石器、陶器、金屬器、漆器和玉器等。同時，祖先崇拜也塑造了中國文化的曆史意識，影響了書(shu) 法、繪畫風格以及藝術史研究。

第五段
：

漢字自商代以來成為(wei) 中國文化統一的重要力量，盡管最初僅(jin) 限於(yu) 精英階層使用。書(shu) 寫(xie) 在構建文化認同中具有巨大作用，並因其神聖性而提升了書(shu) 法、碑刻、印刷書(shu) 籍、題款繪畫等藝術形式的地位。這種文字文化對中國藝術的發展影響深遠。

R3

歐洲紡織工業(ye)

在18世紀的時候，歐洲整體(ti) 發生了非常大的變化，因為(wei) 人口的快速增長使得人均的土地麵積快速的縮小。相應的很多人無法從(cong) 土地上獲得足夠多的糧食和收入，這些人就有很大的需求，要找其他的工作來填補自己的收入。而城市在這個(ge) 時候因為(wei) 工業(ye) 化的出現，也渴望大量的勞動力，因此在歐洲就出現了比較早期的作坊製度。

在此之前，農(nong) 民們(men) 的手工業(ye) 的產(chan) 品往往是主要滿足自己家裏的需求， 也就是沒有進行大規模的銷售，但是隨著農(nong) 村經濟的崩潰，很多的農(nong) 民開始去接一些城裏發來的單子。因此一個(ge) 新的工業(ye) 體(ti) 係迅速誕生。這個(ge) 新的體(ti) 係就是家庭的手工業(ye) ，這與(yu) 工廠還有非常大的差別。也就是在最開始的時候，並沒有出現城市裏的大規模的工廠，而無限的是一些農(nong) 村雇傭(yong) 的手工作坊。這表明工業(ye) 的早期其實是非常有活力的。我們(men) 把早期的農(nong) 村的作坊的萌芽稱為(wei) 外包體(ti) 係其實更為(wei) 合適，也就是商人有可能是把原料來外包給這些作坊，也有可能是直接提供原材料。比如說商人提供羊毛，然後工人將其仿成布，然後再按成品的價(jia) 格來進行回收，因此在當時有無數。這種合作的方式。相應的也就有農(nong) 民會(hui) 自己購買(mai) 原料，然後再賣給這些雙人。

有的時候還有幾個(ge) 作坊互相合作，來完成不同的工序。本質上還是需要去賺取更高的收入。而外包製度之所以發展的特別好，是因為(wei) 它有很強的競爭(zheng) 優(you) 勢。因為(wei) 有很多勞動力，需要在農(nong) 田和作坊之間來相互切換。而且還有非常多的沒有土地的居民，他願意以很低的工資來工作。而且農(nong) 村還不受監管，因此作坊的主人以及商人可以進行大量的壓榨。當然也可以不停的去進行各種各樣創新的實驗。在城市裏麵還有工會(hui) ，但是在農(nong) 村就沒有這個(ge) 必要。

因此在農(nong) 村的手工作坊就不需要去遵循嚴(yan) 格的行業(ye) 標準。因為(wei) 這些行業(ye) 標準雖然會(hui) 保證質量，但是相應的也會(hui) 阻礙創新。相應的一些紡織品以及工業(ye) 產(chan) 品，在農(nong) 村都可以有很好的質量。然而如果想製作精美的瓷器或者是針織物品，則需要很高超的收益，並且隻能在工廠的車間來進行生產(chan) 。但是農(nong) 民的技術已經足以滿足絕大多數日常用品的生產(chan) 。

R4

The River Nile in Ancient Egypt

重複20240817真題/20191027閱讀真題

The special character of the Nile, which made it central to ancient Egyptian culture, was its annual inundation (flooding). During June the river began to rise, and a quantity of green water appeared. The color is said to have resulted from the brief period of reproduction of myriad

minute

organisms. During August the Nile rose rapidly and assumed a muddy red color created by the rich red earth brought into its waters by its tributaries. The Nile continued to rise until mid-September, then remained at that level for two or three weeks. In October it rose again slightly, then began to fall gradually until May, when it reached its lowest level.

The Nile has created a convex shaped in an elevated curve floodplain. In convex floodplains, sediments (clays and silts) are deposited by flood waters, making the land nearest the river have the highest elevation. The convex floodplain is marked by natural levees that form elevated barriers immediately adjacent to the river. These levees rise a few meters above the seasonally inundated lowlands. When the Nile floods, the water covers most of the low-lying land up to the edge of the desert. When the floods subside, the waters are trapped behind the levees and prevented from returning to the river. The benefit of such topography is obvious: the water can be used where it stands or can be channeled to other areas as dictated by agricultural needs.

Ancient records, those preserved both in texts and in the visible evidence on ancient devices for measuring water levels called nilometers, indicate that a flood of six meters was perilously low and that one of nine meters was high enough to cause damage to crops and villages. A flood of seven to eight meters was ideal in that low-lying areas and basins throughout the whole valley would be flooded up to the edge of the rising ground of the desert, but towns, villages, and dikes that served as paths and water barriers remained above the water level.

The ancient Egyptians fully understood the extent to which their lives and prosperity depended on the unfailing regularity of the inundation. The occasional low flood and consequent shortage of food were enough to cause much anxiety among the populace at the beginning of each flood season. Ancient Egyptians, therefore, never became completely confident about the annual inundation and its gifts, even though it usually brought a layer of fresh, rich silt and waters for irrigation that made agriculture in the Nile Valley relatively easy. The generally predictable crops and resulting surplus freed a significant segment of the population from agricultural labor, allowing for the development of nonfarming occupations, such as full-time craftspeople, bureaucrats, and priests.

The importance of the Nile to Egyptian civilization is reflected in the role that it played in religion and the myths that revolved around the river. The Nile was known in antiquity by the Egyptian name Iteru, meaning great river. The personification of the inundation was a god named Hapy, who was associated with fertility and regeneration. The ancient Egyptians had various conceptions of the origin of the inundation. Some texts relate that it began in a cavern at Philae, while others credit the site Gebel Silsila (about 100 kilometers to the north) as the source. It was believed that veneration of the gods associated with these sites in the Aswan area could ensure a sufficient inundation. The Famine Stela, a text carved on rocks at Sehel near Philae, records a famine that was averted by donations of land and goods to the Temple of Khnum at Aswan. This text was formerly thought to date from the reign of Djoser (2687-2667 B.C.), but in reality it dates to the Ptolemaic period some 2,500 years later.

R5

Pollination

第一段
：樹木的繁殖依賴風、水或動物作為(wei) 媒介將花粉從(cong) 一棵樹傳(chuan) 遞到另一棵樹。然而，大型依賴動物授粉的樹麵臨(lin) 特殊的挑戰。它們(men) 需要生產(chan) 足夠的花蜜和花粉來吸引授粉者，但如果產(chan) 量過多，可能導致授粉者停留在同一樹冠內(nei) 而不轉移到其他樹上。此外，如果同一物種的所有樹同時開花，可能會(hui) 導致授粉者數量不足以滿足需求。

第二段
：為(wei) 了應對這些挑戰，樹木采取了多種策略。例如，在其他物種不開花時開花，或者在溫帶地區通過將花期分布在整個(ge) 夏季來避免冬季限製。然而，這仍無法完全解決(jue) 讓授粉者離開一棵樹並轉移到另一棵樹的問題。一些熱帶樹木通過部分開花、部分結果的方式，給授粉者一種“分散老師”的印象，而其他樹種則通過全年少量持續開花吸引授粉者。此外，授粉者（如蜂鳥和蝙蝠）會(hui) 遵循複雜的覓食路線來訪問分散的花朵。

第三段：
與(yu) 以上策略不同，熱帶常綠林中的“群體(ti) 開花”現象展示了另一種授粉策略。在東(dong) 南亞(ya) 的婆羅洲和馬來西亞(ya) ，許多頂層樹木，如龍腦香科植物，會(hui) 每隔數年集中開花，並產(chan) 生數百萬(wan) 朵花。在這種現象中，盡管樹木同時開花，但個(ge) 體(ti) 物種的開花是依次進行的，以減少授粉者之間的競爭(zheng) 。此外，單朵花的壽命僅(jin) 為(wei) 一天，有助於(yu) 吸引主要授粉者（如薊馬）在輕風的幫助下傳(chuan) 播花粉。

第四段
：群體(ti) 開花的樹木主要依賴非專(zhuan) 門化的授粉者，這種策略擴大了可用的授粉者數量。大規模開花的視覺效果可以吸引遠距離的授粉者，而授粉者之間的競爭(zheng) 可能迫使部分授粉者轉移到其他樹上，從(cong) 而提高授粉效率。這種機製進一步展示了熱帶樹木在繁殖策略上的多樣性與(yu) 適應性。

R6

動物群體(ti)

暫未找到文本

R7

Rural Manufacture

暫未找到文本

R8

Group living

重複20240921真題

Many animal species live in groups. Biologists used to think that group-living animals exhibit self-sacrificing behaviors that benefit the group. Some animals limit their rate of eating even when they still need food.

Less cooperative groups may exhaust their food supply and therefore perish. Today, however, it is generally agreed that except for a few unusual circumstances, individuals in a group behave in ways that benefit themselves. Group living occurs when the gains it brings to an individual outweigh the costs.

One benefit an individual animal can get from living in a group is increased vigilance. A leopard depends on the element of surprise to catch an antelope. If the antelope spots the leopard quickly enough, it can run away. A single antelope doesn't have an infinite supply of vigilance, however; for one thing, it has to spend much of its time with its head to the ground to graze (eat). But if individual antelopes come together in a group, they in effect acquire more eyes and ears. in addition to being less likely to be surprised, the antelopes can also spend more time eating-which can raise their individual fitness even more relative to solitary antelopes. And even if a predator does strike a group of antelopes, each group member faces a smaller risk (a phenomenon known as the dilution effect). Animal groups produced by dilution effects are often called selfish herds, because their herding behavior is not based on any coordination or cooperation but is instead the result of a selfish scramble of individuals competing for a position near the center of the group.

Adélie penguins, which live on the coast of Antarctica, vividly illustrate how group living allows individuals to escape predators. They dive off ice sheets into the ocean to search for fish; but when they take the plunge, they sometimes get eaten by leopard seals cruising just offshore. Rather than jump in alone, the penguins crowd together by the hundreds and then leap as a group. Together, they can overwhelm the leopard seals, which can't focus on any single individual. The huge numbers of jumping penguins may also create a dilution effect because the likelihood of any individual being caught is reduced. Predators can benefit from group living as much as prey. American white pelicans practice "fish herding," paddling on the water together in a tactical formation to drive fish into shallows or into dense concentrations; the birds can then easily scoop up their prey. Each pelican in a fish-herding team gets more prey than if it foraged alone.

While living in groups can bring many benefits, it can impose costs as well. Individuals living in big groups are at greater risk of getting sick, for instance. Parasites and diseases can spread more effectively in dense groups of animals than among solitary animals. Large groups also present more opportunities to mate. Females may benefit from these opportunities because they can mate with higher-quality males. Males that can mate with many females can also enjoy higher reproductive success. In species where males provide parental care, group living may also mean that many males are not actually the fathers of the offspring they are caring for. Finally, living in a group often means more competition for limited food, space, or other resources.

By measuring the costs and benefits of group living in particular cases, biologists can explain why individual members of social groups behave in the ways they do. One of the most important lessons from such studies is that the costs and benefits of a given action will be different for different individuals. A large, dominant animal may be able to reap the greatest benefits of residing in a group-for example, being in the safest, central part of the group—and at the same time pay only minimal costs. Dominant individuals are likely to prevail in any competition for food or other resources, so that they suffer little loss from being in the group. Costs are higher for subordinate individuals—a young meerkat in a group, for example, has to help rear the offspring of the dominant meerkats, but since it faces a high risk of being killed by a predator if it lives on its own, this may still be a small price to pay.

聽力

C 1

The professor suggested that Rick study African grey parrots instead of great apes for his report in the animal behavior class. African grey parrots are extremely intelligent. They can understand abstract concepts such as counting and differentiating objects. They can even use specific sounds to label colors, demonstrating the concept of hierarchical classification. Rick was quite surprised. The professor explained that the intelligence of grey parrots is related to their complex living environment and long lifespan. They migrate between jungles and grasslands, traveling about 60 kilometers a day. Their long lifespan gives them more opportunities to cope with environmental changes. The professor reminded Rick that although the sounds made by grey parrots carry meaning, they cannot be called "language".

L 1

In the early 20th century, with the rapid development of society and continuous innovation in the art field, some composers began to question traditional musical forms. They were eager to break free from the shackles of tradition and explore new ways of music creation. This spirit of exploration led to the gradual emergence of the avant-garde music style. However, this musical style was not well-accepted by the public at that time. Many people thought it was too radical and hard to understand. Some even proposed that the government should ban this kind of music. John Cage was one of the most famous avant-garde composers in the 20th century. His early works were in a traditional style, but he soon shifted to creating unique works. Two events that influenced him had a profound impact on his musical outlook. First, he met the avant-garde painter Robert Rauschenberg. Rauschenberg's "White Paintings" showed that even without any images on the canvas, art could still be perceived through natural phenomena like shadows and reflections. Rauschenberg's works made Cage realize that the definition of art could be broader. Second, Cage's experience in the anechoic chamber at Harvard University also deeply affected him. The design of the anechoic chamber absorbed all sounds. In it, Cage heard the sounds of his nervous system operating and his blood circulating, which made him realize that music didn't have to be deliberately composed and that the surrounding sounds themselves could be music. Based on this concept, Cage created his masterpiece "4'33"", also known as the "silent piece". This piece contains no musical notes. The performer just sits still in front of the piano, raising and lowering the piano lid to mark the start and end of the movements. Although the audience and critics had a strong reaction at that time, thinking it was an absurd practice, Cage conveyed the idea that "silence is music" through this work, emphasizing attention to environmental sounds. He hoped that the audience could listen carefully to the silence at that time and experience all the sounds brought about by chance in the silence. This also represented an important musical philosophy of Cage: the most basic element of music is not performance, but listening. Cage's musical concepts and creative practices have had a profound impact on the subsequent development of music. He broke the boundaries of traditional music, expanded the definition and creative methods of music, making music no longer limited to the combination of notes and melodies, but could include more sound elements from daily life.

L 2

Microorganisms are the most species-rich group of organisms on Earth, including bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. They are widely distributed in various environments and can even be found in extreme environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents or subglacial lakes in Antarctica. Although microorganisms play a crucial role in the ecosystem, they often receive insufficient attention. In the past, researchers used to think that microorganisms were almost everywhere and that their population changes were minimal. However, modern research has revealed that the types of microorganisms vary from region to region, and the microbial communities in different environments are significantly different. For example, the microorganisms in soil are completely different from those in seawater. This diversity enables microorganisms to play multiple important roles in the ecosystem. The role of microorganisms in the ecosystem cannot be underestimated. They help plants absorb nutrients, promote plant growth, and provide support in resisting diseases and drought. In particular, mycorrhizal fungi form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, exchanging carbon sources to provide the nutrients plants need while enhancing the disease resistance of plant roots. In addition, microorganisms also play an important role in the plant pollination process. Although plant pollination is usually done by insects or birds, the microorganisms in honey may change the properties of nectar, thus affecting the behavior of pollinators. If the ecological balance is disrupted, it may weaken the relationship between plants and pollinators and then affect the stability of the entire ecosystem. Although microorganisms are of great importance to the ecosystem, there is relatively little research on them at present, mainly due to the high cost of technology and the relatively low interest of the academic community in this research. However, as the awareness of the role of microorganisms gradually increases, more attention will be paid to their research in the future.

C 2

The student is an environmentalist. He thought that the broken heating in the dormitory was actually environmentally friendly, so he didn't tell the staff. The staff emphasized that any problems should be reported to him.

L 3

The potato, a seemingly ordinary crop, has had a profound impact on the agricultural economy throughout history. It originally originated in the Andes Mountains of South America and was domesticated by the local Indians about 8,000 years ago. In the 16th century, with Columbus' discovery of the New World, the potato was brought back to Europe and gradually became an important crop. The potato, as an ordinary crop, has had a significant impact on the agricultural economy in history. It not only increased agricultural productivity, reduced issues related to land and war but also played an important role during economic crises and promoted world peace to a certain extent.

L 4

The self-protection methods of two kinds of butterflies

口語

TASK 1獨立口語題

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

It is important to protect children from learning too soon about life’s difficulties.

Use specific reasons and details in your response. （親(qin) 子類獨立話題——2024年未出現過❗️）

陳述思路

●同意：

1.保護孩子不早早接觸生活的困難有助於(yu) 保持他們(men) 的純真和對世界的好奇心。

eg: 童年是探索、玩耍和想象的時光。如果孩子們(men) 過早地被迫麵對諸如經濟拮據、疾病或家庭問題等挑戰，可能會(hui) 剝奪他們(men) 無憂無慮的童年

2.過早讓孩子了解生活的困難可能會(hui) 給他們(men) 帶來不必要的壓力。年幼的孩子情感上尚未具備應對複雜問題的能力，過早地讓他們(men) 了解這些困難可能會(hui) 引起焦慮和恐懼。

eg: 父母爭(zheng) 吵/離異——對孩子的身心健康造成負麵影響（這裏可以用到2024年親(qin) 子類關(guan) 係獨立題的語料：詳細谘詢【EISWAY教育】

●不同意：

1.逆境可以造就孩子堅韌的意誌以及——（人文類語料：詳細谘詢【EISWAY教育】）

2.迎接生活中的挑戰有助於(yu) 培養(yang) 孩子解決(jue) 問題等技能，對未來事業(ye) 發展大有裨益——（人文類語料：詳細谘詢【EISWAY教育】）

TASK 2校園題

Reading（Announcement）: Film Club to Sell Snacks at Movie Screenings

Reason 1：

Students will enjoy the movie screenings more if they can have a snack while they are watching the movie.

Reason 2：

Selling snacks will be a good way for the film club to raise money for future activities.

Conversation: Woman disagrees ❌

Reason 1:

對學生而言 not going to make it better; 因為(wei) 那些吃零食的學生也許喜歡這樣，但對於(yu) 其他看電影的人而言就很annoying

Reason 2:

而且經濟角度也不值得。因為(wei) it's a small room, 原本就買(mai) 不了多少票。所以如果要大費周章地讓學生1-get the stuff and sit there; 2-try to sell it, won’t be worth the effort just for the small amount they would make.

TASK 3學術講座題

Reading：Progress Trap （進步陷阱）

Definition：進步陷阱指的是人類在追求進步時，盡管創新和努力帶來了短期利益，但可能會(hui) 引發新的長期問題，這些問題沒有明確或簡單的解決(jue) 辦法，並且通常難以逆轉However, as human societies continue to advance, their own innovations or efforts to make progress can sometimes give rise to new problems that have no clear or easy solution. This is known as the progress trap.

Lecture: History class（曆史課）

例子內(nei) 容：Easter land; 幾千年前島上住了一群人with unique culture, 整個(ge) 島上giant stone statues along the coast，因為(wei) 石頭非常重，島上的人移動這些石頭得有一些方法。一個(ge) 方法就是砍樹放在石頭下麵，然後把石頭滾著走直到coast。但是有個(ge) 問題，因為(wei) 總要砍樹做log road，慢慢島上就沒有樹了，問題很嚴(yan) 重：沒有樹，就沒有辦法build new shelters, new fishing boats to get food, 所以文明就decline了。

TASK 4 學術講座題

2 ways to relieve soil compaction.（緩解土壤板結的兩(liang) 種方法）—— 環境科學類

Way 1: modify machine

Way 2: plant trees

寫(xie) 作

綜合寫(xie) 作

The reading and listening passages center around the recent proposal to permit cruise ship travel in the Canadian Arctic waterways. The reading passage presents concerns regarding potential dangers and negative impacts on the environment and local communities, while the listening passage rebuts these concerns.

To begin with, the article suggests that despite the popularity of Northern Sea cruise ship travel, opening Arctic waterways is viewed as risky due to the presence of ice sheets and icebergs that could endanger passengers. In contrast, the listening passage dismisses this concern by introducing research ships capable of breaking through ice sheets and equipped with emergency measures such as helicopters.

Moreover, the reading passage emphasizes the pollution caused by the ships' fuel, particularly the leakage of sulfur from oil, which contributes to ice melting and environmental damage. On the other hand, the speaker in the listening passage offers a different perspective by mentioning the use of sulfur-free fuel that does not harm the environment. Furthermore, it is suggested that the substance released is actually beneficial to the environment since when passengers witness the melting ice and subsequent shrinking habitats for Arctic animals, they raise awareness of global warming and advocate for its prevention.

Lastly, the reading passage expresses concern that the large number of passengers disembarking for tourism activities may inconvenience and annoy local communities. However, the lecturer counters this claim by explaining that the number of passengers is relatively small, usually only a few hundred, and they are divided into smaller groups when going ashore. As a result, each community only receives a few passengers at a time.

學術討論