2月19日托福考試落下帷幕考情速遞也已經出爐了！
依然是多套題目混考，而且ETS又崩啦，寫(xie) 作兩(liang) 套全是原題！
同學們(men) 覺得這次考得如何？
期待備考同學們(men) 都能順利上岸！
閱讀
套 1
美洲殖民地時期的穀物種植和作用
在殖民地時期，wheat和corn是兩(liang) 種比較受歡迎的穀物，幾乎每個(ge) 家庭也都會(hui) 畜養(yang) 牲畜，牛會(hui) 比豬要更受歡迎，因為(wei) 它除了能夠產(chan) 奶以外，還可以作為(wei) 勞動力來使用。農(nong) 民們(men) 也會(hui) 種植其他作物（例如rye等），雖然這些作物價(jia) 格較低，但是在wheat和corn產(chan) 量不足的時候，其價(jia) 格也會(hui) 上漲。文章列舉(ju) 了wheat和corn的好處，例如wheat品質和營養(yang) 價(jia) 值較高，所以廣受歡迎，也因為(wei) 適合保存和長途運輸不易變質，軍(jun) 隊也青睞有加。
套 2
Costs of Migration for Birds
鳥類在遷徙之前都要囤積脂肪，也伴隨著其他的生理改變。在遠距離的遷徙過程中，鳥類需要進食，食物不足的鳥類相比較於(yu) “飽餐一頓”的鳥類在遷徙過程中就會(hui) 有更高的死亡率，文章中列舉(ju) 了一種以寄居蟹的卵為(wei) 食的候鳥，在沒有食物以後死亡率極具上升。科學家們(men) 發現了以後重建了當地寄居蟹種群，這一情況才有所緩解。同時，對於(yu) 需要遠渡重洋的候鳥而言，則麵臨(lin) 另一個(ge) 問題，很多鳥無法支持長時間在海上飛行，就會(hui) 墜落海洋身亡，於(yu) 是有一些候鳥就會(hui) 選擇繞路沿海飛行。
套 3
太陽係形成
文章探討了太陽係的形成過程，內(nei) 容類似2.15剛考過的那篇太陽係起源的文章，但是具體(ti) 細節內(nei) 容不同。
套 4
The Postwar Economic Boom
重複20191102考題
The quarter century or so after the Second World War witnessed the longest period of uninterrupted growth among the industrialized countries of the world and at the highest rates in history. For the industrialized countries as a group the average increase in gross domestic product total market value of everything produced within a country during a given period of time per person employed from 1950 to 1973 amounted to 4.5 percent per year. Rates for individual countries ranged from 2.2 percent for the United Kingdom to 7.3 percent for Japan. Growth was most rapid in those countries that had abundant supplies of labor, such as Japan and West Germany. Growth in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain, which had the highest individual incomes at the end of the war, was slower than that of continental Europe and Japan but more rapid than in any prolonged period in their previous histories. At the same time, countries with relatively low individual incomes within the industrial group--Italy, Austria, Spain, Greece, and Japan--grew more rapidly than the average.
The term economic miracle was first applied to the remarkable spurt in growth in West Germany after 1948. When the high rates of growth continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s, it was used to refer to the entire era. It was then noted that several other nations, notably Italy and Japan, had growth rates as high as or higher than West Germany's. Still, though the high growth rates in most of the industrial countries were certainly remarkable, and unprecedented in history, they were scarcely miraculous. There were solid reasons for them in every case.
The Marshall Plan (officially called the European Recovery Program and based on investment from the United States) played a crucial role in sparking the European recovery. When funding from the United States ended in 1951, Europeans kept economic growth going with high levels of savings and investments. Much of the investment went into equipment for new products and processes, since during the preceding years a backlog of technical innovations had built up that only awaited capital and skilled labor to be employed. In effect, the European economies had stopped growing for an entire generation, operating with obsolete equipment and lagging behind in technical progress. Thus, technological modernization both accompanied and was an important contributory factor to the so-called economic miracle.
Other major factors were the attitude and role of governments. They participated in economic life both directly and indirectly on a much larger scale than previously. They nationalized some basic industries, drew up economic plans, and provided a wide range of social services. Nevertheless, private enterprise was responsible for by far the largest part of economic activity. On average, between one-fourth and one-third of national income in Western Europe originated in the government sector. Though this proportion was much greater than it had been before the war, it was less than half the contribution of the private sectors of the economy. In the mixed economies that became characteristic of the Western democracies, government assumed the tasks of providing overall stability, a climate favorable to growth, and minimal protection for the economically weak and underprivileged, but it left the main task of producing the goods and services desired by the population to private enterprise.
At the international level the relatively high degree of intergovernmental cooperation deserves major credit for the effectiveness of the economic performance. The cooperation was not always spontaneous, and some promising projects failed for lack of it; but on the whole, the contrast to the prewar years is conspicuous.
Finally, in the long term, much credit must go to Europe's wealth of human capital. Its high rates of literacy and specialized educational institutions, from kindergartens to technical schools, universities, and research establishments, provided the skilled personnel and brainpower to make the new technology work effectively. During the first flush of the success of the Marshall Plan, many observers incorrectly deduced that physical or financial capital alone would suffice to bring about development, and several grandiosese projects based on that false premise were undertaken elsewhere, only to end in failure and disillusionment.
二戰後約25年間，工業(ye) 化國家經曆了曆史上最長的持續經濟增長期，年均人均GDP增長達4.5%。日本和西德等勞動力充足的國家增長最快，而美國、加拿大和英國雖增速較慢，但仍超過其曆史水平。戰後經濟奇跡的推動因素包括馬歇爾計劃的資金支持、技術現代化、政府在經濟中的積極參與(yu) 以及國際間的合作。歐洲的高識字率和教育體(ti) 係也為(wei) 經濟增長提供了重要的人力資本。盡管馬歇爾計劃的成功一度讓人誤以為(wei) 僅(jin) 靠資金就能推動發展，但事實證明，技術與(yu) 人力資源的結合才是關(guan) 鍵。
套 5
Continuous Script and Oral Culture in Europe
重複真題合集
Today people commonly read in silence and in private, but that was not the case in Europe during the periods of ancient Greece (800-146 B.C.E.), ancient Rome (753 B.C.E.-476 C.E.), and the centuries that followed. In ancient Greek times, reading was an oral (spoken) practice—one reflected in writing itself. Greek texts were written in a continuous script (without spaces between words) and with minimal punctuation; this both required and rewarded sounding them aloud. Continuous script could not have developed without the Greek introduction of letters for vowels, which allowed readers to identify syllables and hold them in memory as the eye moved across the text.
Though it seems awkward to us now, continuous script was not a natural construction, but a choice, as demonstrated by the fact that the Romans discarded their own punctuation in the first century in favor of the Greek model. It established literacy (ability to read and write) as the domain of a cultured elite, who either studied from a young age to master the skills appropriate for reading each individual text or employed a professional reader, or lector, for the task. It also facilitated a culture of shared inquiry, in which challenging texts were read aloud in groups as an incentive for debate. In ancient Greece, literature was primarily a social activity, with audiences gathering for performances of epic poetry and drama. Epic poems bear the hallmarks of this orality: they rely on repetition, formulaic images, meter, and rhyme as mnemonic (memory) aids to the performer. The term used to describe performances of such works, rhapsody, means "to stitch together-suggesting the extent to which oral composition relies on weaving familiar lines.
The great thinkers of ancient Greece, in fact,mistrusted writing as a technology that would destroy the oral arts of debate and storytelling on which they based their sense of the world, of philosophy, and of time and space. In Plato's dramatic play Phaedrus, the philosopher Socrates looks down on the written word for separating ideas from their source, citing Egyptian king Thamus as the first to voice this concern when he received the gift of writing from the god Thoth. Transcription (writing speech down), Socrates fears, is an aid that will both interfere with memory and trap philosophical thought in ambiguity, leaving interpretation in the hands of the reader. Texts, after all, can circulate without their author, thus preventing one from explaining or defending them. Despite these fears, the very writing Plato used to record his works proved instrumental in the development of ancient Greek oratory (art of speech making). As scholar Walter Ong points out in Orality and Literacy, his study of the ways writing technologies restructure consciousness, the written word enabled Greek scholars to transcribe and codify effective rhetorical (speaking) strategies. It also vastly increased human vocabulary, since we no longer had to rely on memory to hold all of language for immediate use. Writing, in fact, allowed rhetoric to flourish.
For the kind of silent reading we now experience to take hold, reading would have to change its context and text its form. It would have to become a more private experience, which means literacy would have to extend beyond the elite and monastic (religious) communities. Texts, too, would need to become more legible, with standardized punctuation and word spaces so that the mumbling of readers sounding out text, common through the sixth century, could disappear. And libraries designed for quiet, contemplative reading could then develop to serve this new readership.
British scribes, like those who crafted the Book of Kells (around 800 C.E.), played a key role in making text more accessible. They wrote in Latin, and because it was a second language, and one more challenging to sound out in continuous script, they introduced several changes to improve its legibility, including word separation (around 675 C.E.), additional punctuation, and simplified letter forms. Still, it took nearly four hundred years for these small innovations to spread. The translation of Arabic scientific writing into Latin in tenth-century Europe likely played a vital role in solidifying word separation, since it was inherent in the language (because unlike Greek and Latin, it is written in consonants). Translators kept Arabic word separation when rendering these texts in Latin, in part because it made the complex technical prose significantly more comprehensible.
古希臘時期，閱讀是口頭活動，文本無空格和標點，需大聲朗讀，促進了詩歌、辯論和演講藝術的發展。哲學家如蘇格拉底批評書(shu) 寫(xie) 技術可能削弱記憶和哲學思考，但書(shu) 寫(xie) 最終推動了修辭藝術的繁榮。默讀文化的形成依賴於(yu) 文本改進，如空格和標點的引入，以及圖書(shu) 館和安靜閱讀環境的出現。英國的抄寫(xie) 員通過改進拉丁文分詞和字形（如《凱爾斯之書(shu) 》）推動了默讀習(xi) 慣的形成。阿拉伯科學著作的拉丁文翻譯進一步鞏固了分詞的使用，使複雜文本更易理解，促進了默讀文化的普及。
套 6
The Origin of Mars's Moons
一些科學家認為(wei) ，太陽係中的流浪天體(ti) 可以被捕獲到一個(ge) 最初高度橢圓的軌道中，然後通過類似於(yu) 現代航天器使用的空氣製動機製慢慢使其軌道變為(wei) 圓形。這需要許多條件的微妙平衡，使得許多科學家對其有效性感到不安。另一種機製是通過潮汐力（周期性變化的引力）作用，將衛星從(cong) 高度橢圓軌道拖入圓形軌道。盡管這些機製需要特殊條件，但一些天文學家認為(wei) 火衛一和火衛二是從(cong) 外太陽係捕獲的小行星，因為(wei) 它們(men) 的密度和組成與(yu) 火星形成的材料不同，而與(yu) 富含碳的球粒隕石更為(wei) 接近。光譜測量顯示這些衛星由幾乎黑色的岩石組成，類似於(yu) 外小行星帶的碳質球粒隕石。
套 7
Submarine Canyons
大陸架是大陸的水下延伸，平均寬度約65公裏，但不同地區差異顯著。大陸架在“架邊”處終止，隨後是大陸坡，深度急劇增加，常伴有海底峽穀。過去認為(wei) 這些峽穀由古河流切割形成，如哈德遜峽穀，其規模與(yu) 陸地上的大峽穀相當。然而，許多峽穀的位置和深度與(yu) 河流起源不符，科學家提出“濁流”理論解釋其形成。濁流由海底擾動（如地震）引發，攜帶泥沙的水流下坡侵蝕海底。盡管自然界中未直接觀察到濁流，但通過實驗室模擬、數學模型及間接證據（如1929年紐芬蘭(lan) 地震引發的電纜斷裂事件）支持了這一理論。濁流被認為(wei) 是許多大型海底峽穀形成和維護的主要力量。
套 8
新石器時期人們(men) 的食物來源和社會(hui) 變化
早期人類獲取食物非常困難，因此他們(men) 的食物範圍很廣，特別喜歡采集種子，因為(wei) 種子易於(yu) 收集和存儲(chu) 且營養(yang) 豐(feng) 富。肉類也是重要的能量來源，尤其是脂肪含量高的動物。捕捉大型動物能提供更多能量，性價(jia) 比高，而采摘根莖類植物也能高效獲取能量。農(nong) 業(ye) 社會(hui) 後期，社會(hui) 複雜度增加，建立了大型定居點和複雜的社會(hui) 階級，製作石頭屋子、工具和陶器。西歐環境良好，植物生長期長，動物多，提供了豐(feng) 富的食物。隨著大陸架變化，大型食草動物減少，人們(men) 轉向海洋尋找食物，形成海邊定居點，依靠高脂肪的魚類維持能量供給，並通過冷凍或製成幹肉保存食物。食物獲取方式和數量決(jue) 定了族群的生活方式。
套 9
Cool Early Earth Hypothesis
“冷早期地球假說”挑戰了傳(chuan) 統觀點，認為(wei) 地球在形成後僅(jin) 2億(yi) 年就從(cong) 熔融狀態冷卻至低於(yu) 水的沸點（100°C）。這一假說基於(yu) 對澳大利亞(ya) 傑克山鋯石砂粒的分析，這些砂粒的年齡達44億(yi) 年，並含有氣泡，表明地球在44億(yi) 年前已有液態水。傳(chuan) 統觀點認為(wei) 地球冷卻至適宜液態水存在需要約7億(yi) 年，但鋯石證據推翻了這一假設。此外，地球早期水的來源可能與(yu) 早期太陽係中的含水物質（如碳質球粒隕石）有關(guan) ，而非傳(chuan) 統認為(wei) 的地幔脫氣或彗星撞擊。化學分析顯示，彗星的水與(yu) 地球水成分差異顯著，排除了彗星為(wei) 地球水源的可能性。
套 10
Why did Agriculture Arise?
大約1萬(wan) 年前，獵人采集者開始轉向農(nong) 業(ye) ，盡管農(nong) 業(ye) 帶來了顯而易見的好處，但也有缺點，如工作更辛苦和馴化的植物動物更易感染疾病。氣候變化和人口增加可能是轉變的原因。在阿布·胡賴拉考古遺址，最早的農(nong) 民在氣候幹旱後開始種植馴化作物，轉變為(wei) 農(nong) 業(ye) 社會(hui) 。種子的大量儲(chu) 存使人們(men) 能夠長期定居，但也帶來了土地退化、侵蝕和健康問題等負麵影響。動物馴化與(yu) 環境條件有關(guan) ，幹旱等因素促使人們(men) 馴化動物以應對資源變化，而不是單純為(wei) 了省力，可能由於(yu) 狩獵過度減少了野生動物。
聽力
C 1
學生前往打印表格，男士提醒學生在填寫(xie) 申請表格前務必仔細閱讀第一頁信息。隨後談及兩(liang) 個(ge) 職位，分別為(wei) 校園導遊（campus tour guide）與(yu) 某顧問（adviser）。校園導遊工作時不能乘車帶領學生遊覽，多數時間需徒步。女學生表示之前遇到的導遊知識淵博，自己倍感壓力，男士則稱會(hui) 有相關(guan) 培訓，無需擔憂。
L 1
Lecture 1:該講座圍繞 “儀(yi) 式（ritual）” 展開。儀(yi) 式具有幾個(ge) 特征：其一為(wei) 正式感，盡管過去與(yu) 現在儀(yi) 式內(nei) 容有所變化，但仍具莊嚴(yan) 肅穆之感，如奧運會(hui) 頒發金牌。其二為(wei) 不變性（invariance ，具體(ti) 含義(yi) 未明晰）。其三，儀(yi) 式能夠向世人傳(chuan) 遞某種意義(yi) 。之後探討了習(xi) 慣與(yu) 儀(yi) 式的區別，通常人們(men) 不會(hui) 將去某家咖啡館視為(wei) 儀(yi) 式，然而若賦予其上述三種特征，便可視作儀(yi) 式。例如，若奧運會(hui) 突然取消如郵寄金牌這類儀(yi) 式，人們(men) 會(hui) 感到不適。
C 2
教授向學生闡述，同一內(nei) 容可通過不同方式傳(chuan) 遞。例如在表演中，借助旁白（narrator）與(yu) 電話（phones - call）傳(chuan) 遞同一信息，帶給觀眾(zhong) 的感受有所不同，通過後者傳(chuan) 遞能讓觀眾(zhong) 意識到內(nei) 容重要、情節即將轉變。教授要求學生撰寫(xie) 兩(liang) 個(ge) 版本，且希望學生重點將精力置於(yu) 第一個(ge) 版本。
L 2
講座聚焦環境科學領域，闡述太陽能轉化為(wei) 電能需考量三個(ge) 因素：效率、持久性與(yu) 成本。在成本方麵，太陽能轉化主要材料為(wei) 矽，其在效率與(yu) 持久性上表現尚可，但製作成本高昂，且製作過程會(hui) 造成環境汙染。隨後研究者提出一種以 P 開頭的替代方案，該物質在成本與(yu) 持久性方麵優(you) 勢明顯，但轉換效率欠佳。為(wei) 此，需在材料中添加 M 物質，以此大幅提升轉換效率。
L 3
生物發光。深海環境極其惡劣，不僅(jin) 氧氣和食物稀缺,而且完全沒有光線。許多人因此認為(wei) 深海中的魚類大多是盲的，但實際上，許多深海魚類能夠發光。雖然有一部分魚類是因為(wei) 體(ti) 內(nei) 的細菌而發光，但大多數魚類是通過體(ti) 內(nei) 的化學物質發光的。老師進一步解釋了魚類發光的目的，主要有兩(liang) 種生存策略:一種是主動發光以吸引獵物，另一種則是吸引捕食者。此外，老師還介紹了一個(ge) 相關(guan) 的實驗。在光的顏色方麵，大多數深海魚類發出的是藍光，因為(wei) 藍光在水中的穿透力較強，而且大多數魚類隻能看到藍光。然而，有一種特殊的魚類能夠發出紅光。這種紅光不僅(jin) 幫助這種魚看到獵物，而且由於(yu) 紅光在水中的穿透力較弱，獵物和捕食者都無法看到這種光，因此這種魚既能隱蔽自己，又能悄悄地接近獵物。
口語
TASK 1獨立口語題
Task 1:（套一）
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most importantquality of a leader is being a gifted speaker, Use details and examples to explainyour opinion.(重複2024年3月2日線下考)
Task 1:（套二）
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: it is easier to teachchildren in a primary school than it is to teach students in a university. Use detailsand examples to explain your answer. (重複2014年9月線下)
Task 1:（套三）
When going on vacation, some prefer to have outdoor activities such as hikingand swimming, while others prefer to stay indoor. Which do you prefer?(重複2024年7月20日線下)
TASK 2校園題
Task 2:（套一）
First-Year Room Change
第一學期可以選擇換寢室，但同時也要收取一小筆更換費用，防止任意更換寢室;
Task 2:（套二）
住房辦公室宣布政策變化;
住房辦公室將停止允許新生與(yu) 高年級學生共同住宿的現行做法。
Task 2:（套三）
History Books Should be Relocated
圖書(shu) 館的曆史書(shu) 籍應該被重新安置;
TASK 3學術講座題
Task 3:（套一）
Project Pre-mortem
Business如何預測可能的問題然後做出應對去避免;
Task 3:（套二）
Brood Parasites 寄生育雛者;
Task 3:（套三）
Organic Architecture;
TASK 4 學術講座題
Task 4:（套一）
Understory植物在光線不足情況下的兩(liang) 種生存策略
Task 4（套二）
types of seling costs 兩(liang) 種銷售成本;
Task 4:（套三）
城市生活影響植物生長的兩(liang) 種方式;
城市生活影響植物生長的兩(liang) 種方式;
寫(xie) 作第一套
【整套重複2024.1.24，綜合寫(xie) 作還重複2023.2.11/2023.4.18】
綜合寫(xie) 作
Reading
Scientists are planning to send the first human mission to Mars in the near future.An important question facing the mission is whether to land the spacecraft near one of Mars's poles or near its equator, Like Earth, Mars has very different climates at its poles and equator, Scientists believe that landing near the equator rather than near a pole will help the Mars mission overcome three major challenges
Temperatures
Mars is much colder than Earth, with average temperatures below freezing. At the poles of Mars, temperatures are especially cold. In the extremely cold temperatures at the poles, equipment runs the risk of breaking down and malfunctioning, making a mission there risky. At the equator, however, temperatures are higher overall and less likely to damage equipment. This will reduce some of the challenges involved in dealing with the Martian climate.
Fueling Rocket Launches
Astronauts will need to launch a rocket to return to Earth from Mars. Such launches require large amounts of fuel, which is heavy and therefore difficult to bring to Mars. But rocket launches will require less fuel near the equator, This is because Mars, like Earth is rotating. It rotates fastest near the equator, and a rocket can use Mars's rotation to gain extra energy when lifting off, By taking advantage of this extra energy, astronauts will not need to use as much rocket fuel for their return launch.
Sunlight
Landing near the equator will provide astronauts with adequate sunlight each day. During the Martian winter, the polar regions of Mars receive little sunlight for several months. During these dark periods, solar power is unavailable for equipment, and astronauts would need artificial lights to see Mars's surface. But near the equator, the Sun rises and sets each day during the Martian year, By landing the spacecraft near the equator, astronauts will be able to use solar-powered equipment and see the Martian environment more easily.
聽力反駁:
1.赤道晝夜溫差大，極地溫度更穩定，設備可以設計來抵禦低溫，從(cong) 而避免極端溫差造成的損害;
2.雖然從(cong) 赤道發射可以減少燃料但不方便攜帶，而在極地，溫度更穩定還有豐(feng) 富的水資源，便於(yu) 製造燃料;
3.極地的冰層可以阻擋有害的太陽輻射，宇航員可以保護自己不受傷(shang) 害，和赤道相比這也是-個(ge) 特別的優(you) 勢。
AI根據回憶版內(nei) 容撰寫(xie) 的範文：The reading and the listening are arguing about whether the first human mission to Mars should land near the equator or the poles. The article claims that landing near the equator is more advantageous due to temperature, fuel efficiency, and sunlight availability. However, the lecture challenges it, and states that the reasons given to support the author are unconvincing.
First, the reading passage asserts that landing near the equator is better because temperatures are higher, reducing the risk of equipment malfunction caused by extreme cold at the poles. Yet, the professor casts doubt on it and states that while the equator has higher average temperatures, it also experiences significant daily temperature fluctuations, which can damage equipment. In contrast, the poles have more stable temperatures, and equipment can be designed to withstand the cold, avoiding the risks posed by extreme temperature changes.
Second, the article contends that launching rockets from the equator requires less fuel due to Mars’s faster rotation at the equator, providing extra energy for liftoff. Nevertheless, the speaker rebuts it and claims that while launching from the equator saves fuel, it is more practical to land near the poles. The poles have abundant water resources, which can be used to produce fuel locally, reducing the need to transport heavy fuel from Earth. This makes the poles a more sustainable option for long-term missions.
Third, the author states that landing near the equator ensures consistent sunlight, allowing astronauts to use solar-powered equipment and easily observe the Martian environment. However, the lecturer refutes it and asserts that while the equator receives more sunlight, the poles offer unique advantages. The ice layers at the poles can shield astronauts from harmful solar radiation, providing a safer environment compared to the equator, where radiation exposure is higher.
學術討論
社交媒體(ti) 的網紅對於(yu) 分析利弊的分析
Dr. Diaz:
This week, we discussed the importance of role models and opinion makers insociety. One idea we discussed was the widespread impact of "influencers" Influencers are people who are very active posting on social media and who have many followers Influencers' posts and opinions can influence their followers' choices on everything from fashion to politics. In your opinion, do social media influencers generally have a positiveor negative effect on their followers? Why do you think so?
Kelly:
I think the influencers' effect is generally positive. People can learn about thelatest trends and topics in a very quick and efficient way by following influencers. In the past, people had to spend time looking through magazines or visiting boutiques to evenknow what was trending.
Paul:
I think influencers generally have a negative effect because they have far too muchinfluence. I can think of one influencer who only has to mention a particular kind of sports shoe, and the next day they'll be sold out. The followers aren't really thinking for themselves, they're just blindly following the influencers' choices.
寫(xie) 作第二套
【整套重複2023.12.9，綜合寫(xie) 作還重複2024.10.30】
綜合寫(xie) 作
控製kudzu擴散的方式
A climbing plant known as kudzu was introduced into the southeastern United States, where it can enhance gardens and prevent soil erosion. However, it has since become an invasive species that kills off native plants. The reading claims that three methods of controlling the spread of kudzu have been proposed, but the listening material disagrees, believing that these three methods are not effective.
Firstly, the reading claims that removing the root crown can help eliminate this invasive species. Specifically, new vines grow from the root crown, and cutting it can help eradicate kudzu. In contrast, the listening material presents the opposite argument, stating that removing the root crown may not be effective. According to the listening material, the root crown starts to grow two to three centimeters below the soil and extends deep into the ground, making it difficult to find and cut. If any parts of the crown are left intact, a new kudzu vine will quickly regrow.
In addition, the passage mentions that transporting goats to certain areas and allowing them to graze on kudzu can help remove it. However, the lecturer asserts that this method may not work. The removal of kudzu requires goats to graze on it continuously in the same location for an extended period, but these goats will only stay for a short time before being moved to other areas infested with kudzu. Consequently, the kudzu will regrow soon after the goats are relocated. Thus, the lecturer heavily challenges the author's claims once again.
Lastly, the author asserts that microorganisms can feed on kudzu. According to the passage, scientists conducted an experiment in which kudzu was infected with fungus in the morning, and by the afternoon, signs of infection were already visible. However, the speaker is skeptical of this claim and suggests that there is a problem with this approach. Specifically, kudzu is widely spread, and controlling it would require a significant number of fungi, but there are not enough resources to cultivate them in the lab. Furthermore, if a person comes into contact with the plant infected with the fungi, they may experience skin irritation.
學術討論
禁止在工作時間之外進行工作相關(guan) 的溝通能否提升員工的滿意度
Doctor-Achebe
This week, we will explore the idea of prohibiting work-related communication outside of working hours. The idea behind this policy is to create a clearer separation between personal and professional time. Some argue that such a restriction might lead to higher job satisfaction by reducing stress, while others believe it may cause communication breakdowns and hinder productivity. Do you think thatbanning work-related communication outside of working hours would improve employee satisfaction?
Claire
I don't think banning work-related communication outside of working hours wouldsignificantly improve employee satisfaction. In my opinion, factors like salary and promotionopportunities matter much more. For example, employees may feel stressed or dissatisfiedif they're not getting the pay or career growth they expect, even if communication is restrictedafter hours.
Paul
I think banning work-related communication outside of working hours would improveemployee satisfaction. Employees should feel like they can truly disconnect from work after hours. If they're expected to respond to emails or messages at any time, it disrupts theirwork-life balance and leads to burnout. A clear separation between work and personal timehelps maintain mental health and productivity in the long run.
寫(xie) 作第三套
綜合寫(xie) 作
仙人掌是如何從(cong) 美洲到達非洲的
Reading:
North and South America are the natural habitat of cactus plants, which grow well in desert environments. Although humans have brought several cactus species to other continents relatively recently, there is one species, the wicker cactus, that has grown in the wild outside the Americas for a much longer time. The wicker cactus has grown on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, in the Americas and Africa, for so long that no one knows for certain how this normally. American plant arrived in Africa. Several theories have been proposed.
Birds
The first theory is that the wicker cactus was spread like many other plants: by birds. Its seeds could have been eaten by a migrating bird, which stored them in its digestive tract and then passed them on as waste after crossing to another continent, In a suitable environment on the new continent, the plants could have developed from these transported seeds and then reproduced. This theory is supported by the fact that many bird species are known to make regular migrations of great distances
Predates separation of continents
A second theory is that the wicker cactus has existed for so long that it is actually older than the ocean that now separates Africa and South America. Long ago, Africa and South America were part of one giant continent, In this explanation, the wicker cactus first evolved during the ancient time before the continents separated. As the two land masses slowly drifted apart over millions of years, early wicker cactus plants were left on each side of the ocean.
Sailors
The third theory is that sixteenth-century sailors carried the wicker cactus from SouthAmerica to Africa on their boats. Records show that when Portuguese and Spanishsailors traveled to the Americas. they frequently brought plants back and forth acrossthe ocean, Since the wicker cactus can survive for a long time without soil, it could haveeasily lived through such a trip.
聽力反駁:
1.通常吃這種仙人掌種子的鳥類不會(hui) 進行跨洋飛行，而那些能夠跨洋的鳥類主要以昆蟲和魚類為(wei) 食，而非仙人掌種子。
2.通過DNA研究發現，在非洲和美洲還相連的時期，這種仙人掌其實還未出現。它們(men) 是在兩(liang) 大陸分離數百萬(wan) 年後才開始生長的。
3.如果是由水手帶來的，這些仙人掌應該主要分布在港口附近。然而，現在這些仙人掌主要生長在遠離港口的內(nei) 陸地區。
AI根據回憶版內(nei) 容撰寫(xie) 的範文：
The reading and the listening are arguing about how the wicker cactus, a plant native to the Americas, came to grow in Africa. The article claims that there are three possible theories: birds, the separation of continents, and sailors. However, the lecture challenges it, and states that the reasons given to support the author are unconvincing.
First, the reading passage asserts that birds could have transported the wicker cactus seeds across the Atlantic Ocean. Yet, the professor casts doubt on it and states that birds that typically eat wicker cactus seeds do not migrate across oceans, while birds capable of such long-distance flights primarily feed on insects or fish, not cactus seeds. This makes the bird theory unlikely.
Second, the article contends that the wicker cactus might have existed before Africa and South America separated, allowing it to grow on both continents as they drifted apart. Nevertheless, the speaker rebuts it and claims that DNA studies show the wicker cactus did not exist when the continents were connected. Instead, it evolved millions of years after the continents had already separated, ruling out this theory.
Third, the author states that sixteenth-century sailors could have carried the wicker cactus from South America to Africa, as they often transported plants across the ocean. However, the lecturer refutes it and asserts that if sailors had brought the cactus, it would likely be found near coastal ports. Instead, the wicker cactus primarily grows in inland areas far from ports, making this theory implausible.
學術討論
征收交通擁堵稅的利弊
Doctor Achebe:
Around the world, urban areas need to deal with the problem of city center traffic. Often too many vehicles use the roads, and the roads have extremely high traffic at certain times of the day. Some city governments are trying to decrease traffic congestion by introducing congestion pricing: drivers will be charged a substantial fee for driving their vehicles into the city center during busy times of the day. Do you think that congestion pricing is a good idea? Why or why not?
Andrew:
If congestion pricing is imposed, then some drivers will avoid visiting the city center during busy times. Businesses there will suffer because they will lose customers. And because businesses pay taxes, cities may lose more money than they would gain by charging the traffic congestion fee.
Claire:
I think congestion pricing is a good idea because if people have to pay extra todrive into the city center maybe they will share rides to split the cost of the fee. What leads to traffic congestion is the fact that so many people are driving alone in a car whenthey could be carpooling.
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