3月22日托福考試落下帷幕，考情速遞也已經出爐了！
聽力再次上難度寫(xie) 作出新題你以為(wei) ETS隻出新題？老到一定程度拿出來和新的一樣
同學們(men) 覺得這次考得如何？期待備考同學們(men) 都能順利上岸！備考的同學速速集合！快來看看本場具體(ti) 考了哪些內(nei) 容吧
閱讀
R 1
除非我們(men) 了解一個(ge) 群體(ti) 的規模、密度、年齡分布和生育能力，否則很難理解其社會(hui) 、政治和經濟的諸多方麵。在當今世界，大多數國家都會(hui) 定期進行人口普查，以評估其人口現狀並規劃未來。在 18 世紀中葉人口普查成為(wei) 常規程序之前，人口估計和統計是零星且通常不準確的。因此，對過去人口的估計，尤其是對非文字社會(hui) 人口的估計，是一項高度推測性的活動，其中會(hui) 用到考古證據以及對農(nong) 業(ye) 實踐和技術生產(chan) 力的估計。
誤差幅度小於(yu) 20% 的最早人口估計大概是在 1750 年。人類人口的曆史可以分為(wei) 兩(liang) 個(ge) 基本時期：一個(ge) 漫長的時期——幾乎涵蓋了整個(ge) 人類曆史——人口增長極為(wei) 緩慢；另一個(ge) 非常短暫的時期——大約從(cong) 18 世紀中葉至今的 250 年——人口增長極為(wei) 迅速。在農(nong) 業(ye) 發展之前，世界各地以狩獵采集為(wei) 生的人口大約維持在 500 萬(wan) 到 1000 萬(wan) 之間，如果以現代對這類人群的研究作為(wei) 參考的話。
大約在公元前 8000 年，當植物和動物被馴化之後，世界人口開始增長得更快，但增長幅度仍不大。盡管農(nong) 業(ye) 提供了更穩定和更豐(feng) 富的食物供應，但人口在村落和城鎮的聚集會(hui) 使人們(men) 更容易受到疾病的侵襲，從(cong) 而減少了人口數量。一些曆史學家還認為(wei) ，定居的農(nong) 業(ye) 生活也導致了戰爭(zheng) 的加劇（因為(wei) 對土地和水源的爭(zheng) 奪）以及社會(hui) 內(nei) 部等級分化的加劇。
R 2
直到 1969 年，科學家們(men) 還在疑惑月球上是否會(hui) 發生地震，如果會(hui) 的話，其地震是否與(yu) 地球上的地震相似。美國的登月計劃給出了答案。從(cong) 1969 年 11 月開始，在阿波羅 12 號、14 號、15 號、16 號和 17 號飛船著陸期間，人們(men) 在月球上設置了地震台站。
在五個(ge) 著陸點放置的特殊地震儀(yi) 持續運行，不斷傳(chuan) 回有關(guan) 月球內(nei) 部的大量地球物理數據。對地震位置和機製的研究揭示了地球變形的許多情況；人們(men) 期望月球上的地震儀(yi) 也能提供有關(guan) 其內(nei) 部和變形的類似信息。但地球上的地震是行星巨大動態過程的結果。
與(yu) 地球形成鮮明對比的是，數百萬(wan) 年來，月球一直是一個(ge) 靜止不變的天體(ti) ，沒有明顯的活火山，也沒有地殼分裂的區域。因此，當每個(ge) 月震儀(yi) 每年平均檢測到 600 至 3000 次月震時，這多少令人感到驚訝。大多數月震都很微弱，裏氏震級不到 2 級。月球沒有大氣層和海洋，這意味著其背景環境極其安靜，因此月震儀(yi) 可以以非常高的放大倍數運行，至少是地球上通常可能的 100 到 1000 倍。
R 3
20世紀初，美國城市的主要問題是交通擁堵。有軌電車和行人擠滿了狹窄的市中心街道和交叉口。為(wei) 了解決(jue) 這個(ge) 問題，很多城市領導者提倡住房分散化，沿著連接市中心和郊區的有軌電車線路建設“有軌電車郊區”。
然而，這反而加劇了問題，因為(wei) 郊區居民更依賴市中心，頻繁使用有軌電車去市中心工作、購物和娛樂(le) 。從(cong) 19世紀末到20世紀初，城市人口翻了一番多，有軌電車每年的乘客量也翻了十幾倍。20世紀初汽車的普及進一步加劇了擁堵，但也讓車主更容易住在分散的地區，於(yu) 是“汽車郊區”開始出現在有軌電車係統之外的區域。
這些沒有鐵路的郊區建築密度很低，人口密度也更低。這意味著本地商店和機構支持不足，居民需要走更遠的路去獲取日常商品和服務，而且大多數出行都依賴汽車，因為(wei) 缺乏公共交通。
19世紀末到20世紀初，洛杉磯已經發展成一個(ge) 分散的、以獨立住宅為(wei) 主的城市。這並非因為(wei) 汽車，而是因為(wei) 房地產(chan) 開發與(yu) 有軌電車係統的緊密聯係。20世紀初汽車的湧入使市中心交通擁堵達到極限，促使洛杉磯逐漸轉變為(wei) 依賴汽車的城市。
R4
冰丘是由土壤覆蓋著冰核的大土丘，通常出現在幹涸的湖床或河流旁邊。它們(men) 的形成是因為(wei) 地下水壓力把冰核推上來，冰核逐漸凍結，土丘也隨之升高。冰丘的頂部和周圍的氣候很不一樣，甚至可能長樹，就像一個(ge) 小型的“溫暖地帶”。不過，如果氣候變暖，冰核融化，整個(ge) 冰丘就會(hui) 塌陷，形成一個(ge) 深水坑，周圍還會(hui) 留下一圈土壤和有機物質形成的“圍牆”。
泥炭冰丘和冰丘有點像，但通常更小一些，高度隻有2到3米，寬度約45米。它們(men) 主要出現在濕地中，形成過程也是因為(wei) 冰核的膨脹。泥炭冰丘的形成是一個(ge) 自我強化的過程：土丘越高，冰核越冷，冰核越冷，土丘就越高。隨著時間的推移，泥炭冰丘表麵的植被會(hui) 變幹，先是長滿白色的地衣，後來被矮灌木取代。這些灌木顏色較深，吸收更多熱量，最終導致表土被侵蝕，露出下麵的泥炭。泥炭吸收更多熱量，冰核融化，土丘塌陷，形成一個(ge) 水池，濕地植物又會(hui) 重新生長。
芬蘭(lan) 科學家在80年代做了一個(ge) 實驗，他們(men) 用一個(ge) 掃帚把北極濕地的一片區域的雪掃幹淨，保持整個(ge) 冬天沒有積雪。結果，這片區域的地下形成了一個(ge) 永久的冰核，幾年後，這片地方就發展成了一個(ge) 泥炭冰丘。這個(ge) 實驗證明了冰核的形成是泥炭冰丘發展的關(guan) 鍵。
而一些文化當中會(hui) 用堿來處理玉米。來減少人類有可能出現的缺乏維生素b2帶來的疾病。而過度地依賴大米則會(hui) 出現缺少維生素b1而導致的精神疾病。
些原始的人類之所以會(hui) 出現這些疾病，因為(wei) 他們(men) 之前沒有接觸過如此豐(feng) 富的營養(yang) 。
聽力
C 1
套一：
學生不想吃冷凍藍莓, 她覺得不健康，但是老師說其實冷凍莓更健康因為(wei) 采摘第一天就冷凍了反而新鮮的運輸到超市好幾天過去了。後麵說女生想當營養(yang) 師，老師告訴他營養(yang) 學分兩(liang) 種去醫院當營養(yang) 師要4年學位型。
套二：
how interaction Affect children’s development；學生一開始選的是learning through play 後麵 想換話題 因為(wei) 她去她哥那發現 她說哥小孩看電視的時間太長了突然想一個(ge) 教育學家的觀點 小孩子應該Screen Zero time。就和教授討論這個(ge) 為(wei) 什麽(me) zero screen time 更好，因為(wei) 這個(ge) 就給孩子有更多的時間 interact，舉(ju) 了banana 的例子進行對比。
套三：
圖書(shu) 館場景。圖書(shu) 管理員給學生介紹一個(ge) 校園曆史事件educational TV broadcast on campus
L 1
套一：
Von Thünen提出的一個(ge) 理論，解釋了農(nong) 田如何圍繞城市分布。馮(feng) ·杜能發現，農(nong) 田的使用方式與(yu) 它距離市場的遠近有關(guan) 。簡單來說，越靠近城市的農(nong) 田，種植的作物越容易腐爛或運輸成本高，比如水果、蔬菜和奶製品；而離城市越遠的農(nong) 田，種植的作物運輸成本較低，比如穀物和牲畜。馮(feng) ·杜能用一個(ge) 簡單的模型來說明這一點：中心點代表市場，第一圈是水果、蔬菜和奶製品，因為(wei) 它們(men) 需要快速運輸；第二圈是木材等重貨；第三圈是穀物，因為(wei) 它們(men) 不易腐爛；最外圈是牲畜養(yang) 殖場，因為(wei) 運輸成本較低。
不過，這個(ge) 理論也有批評者，認為(wei) 它過於(yu) 簡化，沒有考慮到現實中的地形障礙（比如山脈）或運輸方式的便利性（比如河流）。盡管如此，這個(ge) 模型的簡單性也是它的優(you) 點，讓它具有普遍性和持久性。即使到了今天，這個(ge) 模型在預測土地利用方麵仍然有一定的準確性。
套二：
森林debris對溪流生態係統的影響。很多人認為(wei) 是有害，但其實不是這樣。第一部分就講了在溪流的debris有什麽(me) 類型, 比如說, 不容易容易腐爛的容易在溪流形成dam。學生就問這個(ge) 其實會(hui) 對migrating的魚有影響，教授說不是這樣的salmon是有法子跨過，它的影響其實好的。
第一個(ge) 就是可以讓其他的樹在這些deris上seedling 汲取營養(yang) ；第二個(ge) 就是可以形成 pond 由於(yu) deris減少流動到pond 的營養(yang) ，形成了一個(ge) 小的生態。
套三：
考古學，講解考古理念的變遷，重點講的post-processual archaeology，案例是土耳其的Çatalhöyü。Çatalhöyü房子排列很緊密，沒有門，人們(men) 通過房頂上的洞口進入房間；牆壁上有藝術品，藝術品上有灰；會(hui) 把祖先埋在房子下麵。
L 2
套一：
法國的學院派一直是歐洲藝術的風向標，隻有受到學院派的影響，你的作品才能在歐洲立足，才會(hui) 有買(mai) 家去買(mai) 你的畫。但是，學院派非常死板，必須要按照它的方式去進行創作，不接受新的方式。印象派一開始並不被學術界認可，它選擇自己出錢辦展覽，但是沒怎麽(me) 成功，最終破產(chan) 了。
為(wei) 了生存，來到了美國，由於(yu) 美國剛剛建立不久，容易接受新生事物，不受到歐洲的影響，因此，美國接受了印象派，這個(ge) 學派在美國大受歡迎。由於(yu) 在美國的熱度極高，慢慢的，歐洲開始接受這種藝術形式了。
套二：
講soil的形成方式和風化有關(guan) ；風化分物理和化學：物理風化裂縫的成因有 水裏麵的溫度變化從(cong) 而結冰，這導致風化裂縫擴大，還有植物的root在裏麵生長。化學風化裂縫也與(yu) 氣候有關(guan) ，熱帶比溫帶快些，成因是岩石的鐵與(yu) 帶氧的水產(chan) 生鏽鐵反應，第二是分泌物的反應。最後教授說物理風化和化學風化是相輔相成的。
套三：
主要關(guan) 於(yu) natural glass“天然玻璃”，案例有：火山形成的天然玻璃，比如黑曜岩（obsidian），形成過程很快，形成的岩石很鋒利；一些藻類（algae）可以產(chan) 生矽質的結構，例如矽藻（diatoms），形成過程較慢；
C 2
套一：
學生不知道運算建模課究竟寫(xie) 什麽(me) ，最終選擇寫(xie) 棒球運動員。
套二：
一個(ge) 學生要去賣他上完課的書(shu) ，他想要全價(jia) 賣。因為(wei) 書(shu) 很新，但是那個(ge) 工作人員說：隻能半價(jia) ，因為(wei) 他賣回來的時間已經超過了policy的dealine 不管他condition新不新，都按半價(jia) 。然後學生接受了, 又出現了一個(ge) 問題, 他賣的這本書(shu) 下學期不用這本書(shu) 了。所以不能收, 不過她可以去聯係分銷商看有沒有人要。
套三：
學術類對話。教授跟學生談論作業(ye) 要求和建議，作業(ye) 是關(guan) 於(yu) 保護環境的措施起反作用。學生想寫(xie) 機構樹種植園（palm tree plantation）的影響，教授建議說不僅(jin) 要寫(xie) cons，還要寫(xie) pros。
L 3
套一：
島嶼與(yu) 動物的大小；就是提出一個(ge) 觀點說島嶼上大動物小，小動物大。後麵反駁說不太對，這個(ge) 變化很複雜他們(men) 最終可能會(hui) 保持一個(ge) 不大不小的size。
套二：
講的是一個(ge) 時期，有一個(ge) 專(zhuan) 門服務歐洲貴族的職業(ye) 叫做T。他本質是詩人，並且是帶有娛樂(le) 性質，他還教貴族禮儀(yi) 。後麵做T工作的還涵蓋了各個(ge) 行業(ye) 的人 然後他們(men) 還創造了一個(ge) 文學被教授認為(wei) 是浪漫主義(yi) 的雛形。舉(ju) 了一princess的例子，說與(yu) 當時大環境不同，他們(men) 的主題不是宗教而是愛情。
套三：
關(guan) 於(yu) 黃金分割比例 golden proportion在design中的應用。
口語
TASK 1獨立口語題
套題1
Do you think government should be responsible for protecting environment?
套題2
Do you agree or disagree with the statement that children should be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are old enough to do so. Please use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. (重複2026年6月26日考題）
套題3
If you have a misunderstanding with your friend. do you prefer to talk it out in a public place or in a private place ? (重複2019年6月16日考題）
TASK 2校園題
套題1
閱讀：學校宣布在春假期間關(guan) 閉食堂（close the dining hall during spring breaks）。理由如下：理由如下：1、春假期間在校學生數量不多, not enough students to justify the costs. 2、學生可以去當地的餐廳（restaurant）或雜貨店（grocery store）獲取食物。
聽力：
男生反對。理由如下：
1、雖然維持食堂運轉確實會(hui) 產(chan) 生一定成本（cost），但學校可以采取一些措施。例如，每餐隻開放一小時，或者提供有限的菜單（offer limited menu），這樣既能滿足學生的用餐需求，又能在一定程度上控製成本。
2、選擇在春假期間留校的學生通常需要work on big projects，比如撰寫(xie) 論文（write a paper）或做研究（do research）。如果讓學生去town center買(mai) 吃的或者做飯，會(hui) 非常耗時（time consuming），影響學生集中精力（concentrate）利用這段自由時間（take advantage of the free time）。
In the reading, we know that the school has decided to close the dining hall during spring breaks. First, the school argues that there are not enough students on campus to justify the costs of keeping the dining hall open. Second, they suggest that students can obtain food from local restaurants or grocery stores.
In the conversation, the speaker disagrees with the plan. First, he acknowledges that maintaining the dining hall does incur costs, but he suggests that the school could take measures to minimize these expenses, such as opening the dining hall for just one hour per meal or offering a limited menu. Second, he points out that students who stay on campus during spring break often need to work on important projects, like writing papers or conducting research. Sending them to the town center for food or requiring them to cook can be very time-consuming, which may interfere with their ability to focus and make the most of their free time.
套題2
建議extend office hours of the computer repair center。
聽力：
女生同意：1.Students may encounter equipment failures when writing papers. 例子：她之前上學期有個(ge) 作業(ye) ，做到一半突然電腦壞了，然後她去了center但是Center沒開門，導致這個(ge) 作業(ye) 隔天遲了好久才交，分就很低。
2.Provide part-time opportunities for computer science students. 因為(wei) 現在在學校他們(men) 是沒有part time job的，一旦提供這個(ge) 機會(hui) ，他們(men) 以後找工作都會(hui) 有經驗。
In the letter, the student suggests that the university should extend the office hours of the computer repair center. First, students often encounter equipment failures while writing papers. For example, the female student shares a personal experience from last semester when her computer broke down halfway through an assignment. She went to the center, but it was closed, which resulted in a significant delay in submitting her work and ultimately receiving a lower grade.
Second, extending the office hours would provide part-time opportunities for computer science students. Currently, there are no part-time jobs available for them on campus. By offering this chance, the university would help students gain valuable experience that could benefit them when they seek jobs in the future.
套題3
取消Poetry Class
1. Declining enrollment in recent years, so it’s not worthwhile to continue offering them.
2. Students can register for a similar course at a nearby university.
聽力：
不同意：1. Small size made it more worthwhile, not less. 這種類型的課程班級小的話，學生能夠獲得更多教授的attention，因為(wei) 很需要寫(xie) 作的feedback和comments。
2. Pretty hard to get there - takes more than an hour on a bus. 大部分學生也沒有車，所以會(hui) 非常inconvenient。
In the reading, we know that the school has decided to cancel the poetry class. First, they cite declining enrollment in recent years, suggesting that it’s not worthwhile to continue offering the course. Second, they mention that students can register for a similar course at a nearby university.
In the conversation, the speaker disagrees with the plan. First, he argues that the small class size actually makes the course more worthwhile, not less. With fewer students, each one can receive more attention from the professor, which is crucial for getting the feedback and comments needed for writing improvement. Second, he points out that traveling to the nearby university is quite difficult; it takes more than an hour on the bus, and most students don't have cars. This makes it very inconvenient for them to access the alternative course.
TASK 3學術講座題
套題1
閱讀：
Co - branding
兩(liang) 家生產(chan) 不同產(chan) 品的公司可以合作，共同創造並營銷新產(chan) 品（two companies that produce different products can work together to create and market new products），這對雙方都有益。
1、可以借助雙方的經驗和優(you) 勢（traditions）
2、能夠吸引更多顧客（attract more customers）
聽力：
Example:一家生產(chan) 運動鞋（athletic shoes）的公司想要推出一款能監測運動數據的鞋，但缺乏相關(guan) 技術。於(yu) 是，它與(yu) 一家科技公司（technology company）合作，設計出了一款產(chan) 品，該產(chan) 品能夠追蹤鍛煉情況（track your workouts），並將數據發送到手機或電腦（send data to your cell phones or computer）。結果這款產(chan) 品非常成功（successful），吸引了大量顧客，既包括對技術感興(xing) 趣（attract to the technology）的人，也包括熱愛運動（into workout）的人。
The reading passage talks about co-branding, which means two companies that produce different products can collaborate to create and market a new product. This partnership benefits both companies by leveraging their strengths and attracting more customers.
In the lecture, the professor uses an example of an athletic shoe company that wanted to launch a shoe capable of tracking workout data but lacked the necessary technology. To overcome this challenge, the shoe company partnered with a technology company. Together, they designed a shoe that tracks workouts and sends data to a smartphones or computer. This collaboration resulted in a highly successful product that appealed to a wide audience, including both fitness enthusiasts and tech-savvy consumers.
Overall, this example illustrates how co-branding can effectively combine expertise and attract diverse customers.
套題2
閱讀：
Adjustable Group Size
the number of group members changes temporarily in response to different types of survival challenges the animals face.
群體(ti) 成員的數量會(hui) 根據動物麵臨(lin) 的不同類型的生存挑戰而暫時改變。
聽力:
猴子，特別是狒狒（baboon）在晚上休息的時候通常會(hui) 聚集在一起，為(wei) 的是捕食者（比如獅子）試圖偷襲的時候，看見它的狒狒就可以警告其他狒狒；然而在白天當狒狒需要尋找食物時，它們(men) 通常會(hui) 分成幾個(ge) 小群體(ti) 。因為(wei) 狒狒吃某一種樹上的花，有時這些樹在森林裏分布得很遠。所以狒狒以較小的群體(ti) 分散開來是更有道理的。
Adjustable group size is the phenomenon where the number of group members changes temporarily in response to different types of survival challenges the animal faces.
In the lecture, the professor used the baboons as an example to explain this concept. When the baboons are resting, they usually gather together in a large group. So when there is a predator like a lion is nearby, there is a really good chance that at least one or two baboons will notice the lion so that they can alert the others. However, if there is just one of them resting, it's going to be easier for the lion to sneak up on them. However, during the day when the baboons are searching for food, they usually separate into smaller groups. This is because they eat the flowers from a tree that usually spread out far apart from each other. So it makes more sense for the baboons to spread out in smaller groups.
套題3
Startle Defense
指的是某些動物在麵臨(lin) 危險時，通過做出能驚嚇到捕食者的行為(wei) 或展示出特殊的身體(ti) 變化，從(cong) 而為(wei) 自己創造逃脫機會(hui) 的一種防禦機製。
聽力：
蚱蜢（grasshopper）通常看起來是棕色和灰色的，所以它能和周圍的環境融為(wei) 一體(ti) 。然而，當它受到攻擊時，它會(hui) 顯示出鮮豔的紅色。因此，捕食者會(hui) 感到驚訝，蚱蜢有機會(hui) 逃脫。然後，它看起來又變成了棕色和灰色。
The reading passage discusses startle defense, which refers to a defensive mechanism used by certain animals to create an opportunity for escape when faced with danger. These animals can display startling behaviors or exhibit special physical changes that surprise their predators.
In the lecture, the professor provides the example of a grasshopper. Typically, grasshoppers appear brown and gray, allowing them to blend into their surroundings. However, when threatened, they display bright red colors. This sudden change startles the predator, giving the grasshopper a chance to escape. After the threat passes, the grasshopper returns to its usual brown and gray coloration.
This example illustrates how startle defense can effectively help animals evade predators by using surprise as a means of protection.
TASK 4 學術講座題
Task 4 -1
The professor talks about the two advantages of the new technique for creating maps of archaeological sites. These innovative methods adopted in the fields related to geographical surveying and archaeology have remarkable advantages compared with traditional methods. These advantages are of great significance for improving the work efficiency of mapping archaeological sites and enhancing the quality of the mapping results. The first advantage is that when creating maps of archaeological sites, this new technique is faster than the traditional ground surveying method. Previously, at an archaeological site in Central America, it took more than 20 years of human power on foot to map the site, and only a small part of it was completed as a result. However, later, by using the above new technique, they mapped the rest of that place (which was huge) in less than a week. The second advantage is that the beam of light can detect some landmarks related to archaeological sites that were not previously mapped. It was still that archaeological team that discovered something buried underground at that place, which hadn't been found during the previous on-foot measurement.
Task 4 -2
The professor elaborates on the two key advantages of data collection. For the first example, consider a camera company. Prior to launching a new camera, it wisely invites professional photographers for product trials. These experts, during their hands - on experience, discover that the camera's flash is overly bright. In practical terms, when shooting at night, this excessive brightness washes out the details, making it nearly impossible to capture well - balanced and ideal photos. This kind of feedback from data collection helps the company identify and potentially fix the issue before mass production. Regarding the second advantage in advertising promotion, when testers have an excellent experience with the camera, they become powerful brand ambassadors. Given their passion for photography, they are likely to share their positive experiences with their peers who also have a keen interest in photography. Through word - of - mouth, more potential customers are informed about the product, thereby significantly increasing the product's market reach and sales potential.
Task 4- 3
The professor discusses two different ways in which the pupil shapes of animals have evolved. Firstly, there are animals with vertical pupils. A good example is snakes. Snakes' eyes are highly specialized for focusing on their prey, like mice. Their vertical pupils can control the amount of light entering the eyes precisely. This allows them to accurately judge the distance to their prey in various lighting conditions, whether it's dimly lit under a rock or in the shade of grass. Secondly, animals such as goats have horizontal pupils. The horizontal shape of goats' pupils gives them a wide field of vision, which is extremely convenient for them to notice dangers approaching from different directions. Since goats are prey animals, being able to detect predators coming from the side, front, or even behind is crucial for their survival. This pupil shape enables them to scan their surroundings effectively and be on high alert at all times.
寫(xie) 作
綜合寫(xie) 作
Topic: 在撒哈拉沙漠發現的隕石是否來自於(yu) 水星(Mercury)The reading and the listening are arguing about whether the meteorite discovered in the Sahara Desert originated from Mercury. The article claims that the meteorite is from Mercury. However, the lecture challenges it and states that the reasons given to support the author are unconvincing.
First, the reading passage asserts that the color characteristics of the meteorite match those of the substances on Mercury's surface. For example, the specific light shade of the meteorite is similar to what scientists have observed on Mercury through astronomical observations. Yet, the professor casts doubt on it and states that although the meteorite is light - colored, this is not a unique feature of Mercury's substances. In the early formation of the solar system, there were numerous protoplanets, and the meteors formed from their materials after a series of evolutions might also have similar light - colored features.
Second, the article contends that the magnetic characteristics of the meteorite are in line with those of Mercury. The unique magnetic environment of Mercury makes the magnetic properties of the meteorite match the expected ones. Nevertheless, the speaker rebuts it and claims that when determining the origin of a meteorite, the chemical composition of the meteor can provide more accurate and direct information. For instance, analyzing the chemical composition of the meteorite can help determine whether there are fundamental differences between its material composition and that of Mercury, so we cannot rely solely on magnetic characteristics to conclude its origin.
Third, the author states that the velocity conditions of the meteorite meet the requirements for it to break away from Mercury and reach Earth. According to astrophysics principles, the velocity of this meteorite is consistent with the theoretical value for escaping Mercury's gravity. However, the lecturer refutes it and asserts that the velocity of this meteorite is much lower than the required speed to escape Mercury's strong gravitational pull. According to physical laws, such a low speed cannot enable the meteorite to break free from Mercury's gravity.
學術討論
寫(xie) 作二
綜合寫(xie) 作
Topic: The Vikings
The Vikings were medieval Scandinavian seafarers known for raiding, trading, and exploring vast areas around the world. The reading presents three possible reasons why Vikings left Greenland, but the listening disagrees and claims these three reasons all have drawbacks.
First, the reading claims that climate change might have made agricultural production in the colony impossible, leaving the Vikings facing famine. From the 10th to the 15th century, there were certain changes in the global climate. The temperature on Greenland might have dropped, causing the crops that could originally be planted to fail to grow normally due to low temperatures, shortened growing cycles, and other reasons, resulting in a significant reduction in the food supply. However, the listening presents a differing argument that climate change did not affect the Vikings who mainly relied on fishing. Although climate change had an impact on agriculture, when the Vikings were on Greenland, fishing was an important source of food for them. The abundant fishery resources in the surrounding waters of Greenland were relatively less affected by climate change. Even if crop cultivation was difficult, they could still make a living by fishing.
Also, the writer asserts that the Vikings were expelled by other species. It is possible that during this period, other competitive species appeared on Greenland, such as some fierce wild animals that competed with the Vikings for living space or posed a threat to the Vikings' livestock, affecting the Vikings' normal life and forcing them to leave. On the contrary, the speaker suggests that there are signs indicating that the Vikings left in an orderly manner rather than being expelled. If they had been expelled by other species, their departure should have been hasty and chaotic. But judging from the archaeological findings, their departure was somewhat orderly, with items placed relatively neatly and no obvious signs of being violently driven away. Thus, the reading is heavily challenged by the professor.
Finally, the passage says that government restrictions on trade with Europe led to the Vikings' abandonment of the colony. The government at that time might have introduced relevant policies to restrict the trade between the Vikings and the European mainland. The Vikings on Greenland relied on trade with Europe for many of their living supplies, such as metal tools and fabrics. After trade was restricted, supplies became scarce and life became difficult, which might also have prompted them to choose to abandon the colony and return to Europe or go to other places. Nevertheless, the listening casts doubt on this theory by saying that a lot of illegal trade allowed the Vikings to continue living in the colony. Even if the government restricted legal trade, the Vikings actually still had many illegal trade channels through which they could obtain the necessary supplies. Their trade with Europe was not completely interrupted, and they could still obtain the necessary living and production supplies.
學術討論
寫(xie) 作三
綜合寫(xie) 作
Topic: 藥物上市前做test有沒有必要
The reading and the listening are arguing about whether it is necessary to conduct tests before drugs are put on the market. The article claims that drug tests before market launch are unnecessary. However, the lecture challenges this view and states that the reasons given to support the author are unconvincing.
First, the reading passage asserts that drug testing is prohibitively expensive. The high costs involved in research, development, and clinical trials can be a heavy burden on pharmaceutical companies. Yet, the professor casts doubt on it and states that if drugs are released without sufficient testing, the potential harm to patients could be far more costly. When drugs with severe adverse reactions enter the market, they may cause serious harm to the lives and health of numerous patients, leading to not only human tragedies but also huge economic costs in terms of medical compensation and public health emergencies.
Second, the article contends that the results of drug tests are uncertain. Since the clinical trial environment may not fully replicate the real - world situation, there is doubt about the reliability of the test results. Nevertheless, the speaker rebuts it and claims that despite the differences between the test environment and the real world, drug testing is still the most effective means available to evaluate drug safety and efficacy at present. Without these tests, we would have even less knowledge about how drugs will interact with the human body, making the risks of using drugs even more unpredictable.
Third, the author states that the drug testing process is extremely time - consuming. The long - term nature of clinical trials delays the availability of potentially life - saving drugs for patients. However, the lecturer refutes it and asserts that the time - consuming nature of the testing process is crucial for ensuring patient safety. Rushing drugs to market without adequate testing would turn patients into “guinea pigs,” subjecting them to unforeseen consequences. Taking the time to thoroughly test drugs helps to identify and mitigate potential risks, ultimately protecting the well - being of patients who rely on these medications.
學術討論
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