SAT 閱讀答案的廣義替代

說廣義(yi) 替代前，先來說下什麽(me) 是狹義(yi) 的替代：就是正確答案和原文之間是比較直白的重複

比如 下麵是TOEFL 的一個(ge)

閱讀題原文

But lo Is not alone. As it orbits, it is constantly pulled by the gravity of its nearest large neighbor, another Galilean moon, Europa. Although Europa’s pull on lo is small, it is sufficient to make lo's orbit slightly noncircular. In a noncircular orbit, the moons speed varies from place to place as it moves in its orbit around Jupiter but its rate of rotation on its axis remains constant. Thus it cannot keep the same face steadily turned toward Jupiter. Instead, as seen from Jupiter, lo turns slightly from side to side as it moves. On the other hand, the large tidal bulge on los surface caused by Jupiters gravity always points directly toward Jupiter, so it moves back and forth across los surface as the moon wobbles. Those conflicting forces result in enormous tidal stresses that continually flex and squeeze lo’s interior.

題目

According to paragraph 4, what is the effect of Europa's gravity on lo?

• It makes lo speed up or slow down during different parts of s orbit
• It causes los rate of rotation on its axis to vary slightly as it moves around its orbit
• It produces a gravitational bulge on lo
• It is too small to significantly influence lo

上麵原文的 speed varies from place to place 和答案的 speed upor slow down during different parts of s orbit 就是一個(ge) 很直接的重複。類似這樣的重複就是上麵定義(yi) 的狹義(yi) 重複。

取反一下，那麽(me) 廣義(yi) 的重複就是重複的沒有那麽(me) 直接的，比如 科學和科學家的重複 （相關(guan) 概念重複），或者 水果和蘋果的重複 （上下義(yi) 重複）。而類似SAT/ACT/GRE/GMAT/LSAT 這樣的考試裏麵廣義(yi) 的重複還是蠻多的。

以下以SAT 為(wei) 例

題目The main purpose of the fifth paragraph (lines 62-69) is to

1. describe a character's qualities that endear him to another character.
2. illustrate a character's striking resemblance to a family member.
3. explain the reason for a character's admiration for his father.
4. highlight a turning point in the relationship between two characters.

原文對應 Phaedra liked to look at Christopher, who had the same sloe-eyed gaze as his mother's, an ever-ready smile, and pink lips that made him seem more tender than other boys his age. Now she watched as he stuffed the stocky fingers of his eternally ashy hands into his pockets and surveyed the land below the hill, mimicking the firm stance he'd seen his father take in the pulpit.

答案的地方連原文的人稱都沒有用了，直接廣義(yi) 為(wei) 了一個(ge) 角色，和他，另外原文漫長的描述，廣義(yi) 總結為(wei) 了qualities 當然SAT 也有狹義(yi) 重複的，比如

題目 The passage indicates that one of the reasons the Anopheles mosquitoes develop resistance to CRISPR-based gene drives is because of

1. the great difference in genetic makeup within a population.
2. a few difficulties in identifying the right enzymes to insert.
3. similarities between the species' lab and wild environments.
4. how ineffective the CRISPR gene is in males of the species.

原文對應

Natural genetic variation is another route to resistance. CRISPR-based gene drives work by recognizing short genetic sequences, and individuals with differences at these sites would be immune to the drive. A recent study analysed the genomes of 765 wild Anopheles mosquitoes from across Africa. The team found extreme genetic diversity, which would limit the list of potential gene-drive targets, the researchers say.

這個(ge) difference 和 variation 就是很直接的狹義(yi) 重複了。

總結

做題的時候或者分析的時候可以多注意下類似的重複，特別是廣義(yi) 對應，可以刻意積累下，一來可以了解下出題特點，二來做題的速度也會(hui) 快很多。