今天老師帶大家爆改一篇學生的Essay。這篇文章在改動前是12分，大概B的水平。
In January 2019 the Portuguese Government announced an increase of €20 billion ofgovernment spending on transport, energy and environmental projects. It aims toimprove the productive potential of the economy.Evaluate interventionist supply-side policies as a means of achieving economic growth.（total for question=20 marks）
題目說在2019年1月，葡萄牙政府宣布了一項高達200億(yi) 歐元的財政投資計劃，涵蓋交通、能源和環保等領域，目標是提升國家的生產(chan) 潛力，推動經濟增長。那麽(me) ，這類幹預型供給側(ce) 政策（Interventionist Supply-Side Policies）究竟如何影響經濟？它是否是實現長期增長的最佳方案？
以下是學生的Essay⬇️⬇️⬇️
Supply-side policies are mainly micro-economic policies aimed at making markets and industries operate more efficiently and contribute to a faster underlying rate of growth of real national output. Economic growth is the increase in the real value of goods and services produced as measured by the annual percentage change in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
There are two types of economic growth, one is actual economic growth which is the shift in aggregate demand, and another is potential economic growth, which is a shift in aggregate supply.
The supply-side policy aimed to shift the long-run aggregate supply curve shift to the right.
老師點評：
✅優(you) 點· 文章開頭定義(yi) 了supply-side policies，並簡要介紹了其分類。
· 解釋了economic growth，區分了實際經濟增長（actual growth）和潛在經濟增長（potential growth）。
❌ 需要改進的地方：
邏輯問題：
· 文章定義(yi) actual growth時錯誤地說是由aggregate demand shift引起的。實際經濟增長的定義(yi) 是“實際GDP的增長”，可以由aggregate demand (AD) 或 aggregate supply (AS) 的變化共同影響，而不僅(jin) 僅(jin) 是AD。
· potential growth 應該更明確地解釋是由LRAS（長期總供給）向右移動導致的，而不是簡單說是 AS 的變化。
There are two types of supply-side policy, one is interventionist, and another is market base. Interventionist supply-side policies are usually aimed at correcting market failure, which includes government spending on training and education, improved health care, new technology, infrastructure or transport.
Free market supply-side policies aim to increase efficiency by removing things which interfere with the free market.
They include tax cuts, privatisation, deregulation, and policies to increase labour market flexibility.
老師點評：✅優(you) 點提及了市場導向（market-based）和幹預型（interventionist）供給側(ce) 政策的區別。
❌ 需要改進的地方：
1. 定義(yi) 缺少深度：· 可以補充LRAS 為(wei) 什麽(me) 會(hui) 右移（如提高生產(chan) 率、增加勞動力、技術進步等）。
2. 語言表達：· “The supply-side policy aimed to shift the long-run aggregate supply curve shift to the right.” 句子結構不夠流暢，應改為(wei) "Supply-side policies aim to shift the long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve to the right by improving productivity and efficiency."
💡改進後的示範句：“Economic growth refers to an increase in the productive capacity of an economy, measured by the annual percentage change in real GDP. There are two types of economic growth: actual economic growth, which occurs due to an increase in AD or SRAS, and potential economic growth, which is achieved when LRAS shifts outward due to improvements in productivity, human capital, and infrastructure. Supply-side policies aim to shift the LRAS curve to the right, increasing the economy's potential output. These policies can be classified into interventionist and market-based approaches.”
One interventionist supply-side policy might be to improve training and education. More and better training and education lead to an improvement in the quality of labour resources, increasing the productivity of labour. Public training and education programs can assist workers to become more employable, thus reducing the natural rate of unemployment. However, it takes a long time to see the results of the effects on an economy’s labour supply that occur from improvements in education, so it can not be used to fix the market quickly.
老師點評：
✅ 優(you) 點：
· 識別出了教育和培訓對提高勞動力質量和降低自然失業(ye) 率的作用。
· 提到了時間滯後（time lag），是一個(ge) 很好的評估點。
❌ 需要改進的地方：
1. 缺乏例子和數據支持：
· 可以提供具體(ti) 國家或地區的例子，例如德國的職業(ye) 教育體(ti) 係（dual vocational training system），或者新加坡的人才培養(yang) 政策。
2. 缺乏政策局限性的分析：
· 政府財政負擔（如公共教育投資的機會(hui) 成本）沒有提及。
· 市場失靈可能導致教育資源分配不均，例如農(nong) 村地區可能無法享受同樣水平的培訓資源。
💡改進後的示範句：“Government investment in education and training enhances human capital, leading to higher labor productivity and reduced structural unemployment. For instance, Germany's dual vocational training system has successfully integrated students into the labor market, improving long-term economic growth. However, this policy has limitations: it requires significant government funding, and the benefits take years to materialize. Additionally, inefficient allocation of education resources may lead to regional disparities, reducing its overall effectiveness.”
Another policy might be improved health care services. When workers have access to good quality healthcare services, they become healthier and more productive.
Improved health care services by the working population, will cause them to work longer hours per week, which is, therefore, another factor leading to improvements in the quality of labour resources, which will lead to an outward shift in long-run aggregate supply. However, it cost a lot of money, which will have opportunity costs on it. For example, the government may use this money to invest in some firms, which will cause a bigger increase in GDP.
老師點評
✅ 優(you) 點：
· 識別出醫療保健可以提高勞動力質量，並使 LRAS 右移。
· 提及了機會(hui) 成本的概念。
❌ 需要改進的地方：
1. 邏輯不清晰：
· 句子結構混亂(luan) ，尤其是 “Improved health care services by the working population, will cause them to work longer hours per week”。
· 邏輯跳躍：未解釋“健康工人→生產(chan) 率提升”的具體(ti) 機製（如減少病假、延長工作年限）。
2. 機會(hui) 成本分析不深入：
· 討論政府財政限製，例如是否需要提高稅收來支持這一政策？
💡改進後的示範句“Investment in healthcare enhances labor productivity by reducing absenteeism and increasing life expectancy. For instance, Sweden’s universal healthcare system has led to a healthier workforce, boosting economic growth. However, such policies require significant government funding, potentially leading to higher taxes or reduced spending in other areas such as infrastructure, which could also contribute to growth.”
The next policy is to reduce the welfare for unemployment and decrease the minimum wage for labour.
By reducing the welfare for unemployment, the employee will try their best to work in the firm, in order to not be fired. Thus, this will lead to an increase in productivity, as a result, there will be an increase in aggregate supply. By decreasing the minimum wage for labour, firms will hire more labour, as the cost of labour is cheaper.
More workforce means they will produce more, which will lead to an outward shift in aggregate supply. According to the diagram, there is an outward shift in aggregate supply, the initially the macroeconomic equilibrium is at point S.
When the LRAS curve shifts from LRAS to LRAS1 as a result of the supply-side policies, the new macroeconomic equilibrium is now at point T.
And because supply-side policies aim to make firms more productive and efficient, the risk of cost-push inflation is also low. which we can see that there is a decrease in price.
老師點評
✅ 優(you) 點：圖畫得很正確
❌ 需要改進的地方：
1. 缺乏對於(yu) 圖的解釋，可以說Supply side policy shift LRAS to the right from LRAS to LRAS1，lead to increase in real GDP and lower price level
2. 概念錯誤：減少福利和最低工資屬於(yu) market-based（非幹預主義(yi) ）政策，與(yu) 題目要求無關(guan) 。
3. 結論錯誤：供給側(ce) 政策雖可能降低通脹，但學生誤用“cost-push inflation”解釋（實際應關(guan) 聯LRAS右移降低價(jia) 格水平）
💡改進後的示範句："A true interventionist approach would be subsidising green energy R&D – Portugal’s environmental projects could reduce firms’ production costs via renewable energy, shifting LRAS rightward without income inequality risks from cutting welfare."
However, the benefit cuts can lead to the poorest people in society worrying about their ability to cope financially. Greater flexibility in the labour market and trade union reforms could lead to some people having less job security.In conclusion, whether interventionist supply-side policies as a means of achieving economic growth depends on whether in the short run or long run. In the short run, it is better to use market base supply-side policies because it saves time, in the long run, it is better to use interventionist supply-side policies.
老師點評
✅ 優(you) 點：
· 討論了短期 vs 長期的對比，這是一個(ge) 有價(jia) 值的評估點。
❌ 需要改進的地方：
1. 結論太簡單，沒有足夠的分析或總結主要論點。
2. 沒有權衡政策之間的影響，例如是否可以混合使用兩(liang) 種政策
💡改進後的示範句“In the short run, market-based policies may yield faster results, but interventionist supply-side policies are essential for long-term sustainable growth. Governments must balance these approaches, considering fiscal constraints and implementation efficiency to maximize economic benefits.”
本題總結——提分關(guan) 鍵⬇️⬇️⬇️
1. 嚴(yan) 格區分政策類型：幹預主義(yi) （政府主導） vs 市場主導（減少幹預）。
2. 緊扣題目關(guan) 鍵詞：始終圍繞“productive potential”和“evaluate”展開，比較不同政策優(you) 劣。
3. 數據與(yu) 案例強化說服力：· 引用葡萄牙投資細節（如“60% of the €20bn is allocated to renewable energy infrastructure”）。· 對比其他國家案例（如德國職業(ye) 教育體(ti) 係對生產(chan) 率的影響）。
4. 最終評估框架：· 短期vs長期效果· 效率vs公平性· 機會(hui) 成本（如基建投資 vs 減稅刺激私人部門）
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