2021年牛津PAT物理考試全麵解讀

考試簡介

什麽(me) 是牛津PAT物理考試？PAT考試的全稱是Physics Aptitude Test(物理能力測試)，是牛津大學對申請就讀工程科學、材料科學和物理等本科或本碩專(zhuan) 業(ye) 的學生進行的測試。

需考專(zhuan) 業(ye)

哪些專(zhuan) 業(ye) 需要考PAT？牛津大學所有工程科學專(zhuan) 業(ye) 、材料科學專(zhuan) 業(ye) 和物理專(zhuan) 業(ye) 都要求學生在麵試前參加PAT考試，相關(guan) 專(zhuan) 業(ye) 包括：

Courses	專業名稱	UCAS代碼
Engineering Science	工程科學	H100
Biomedical Engineering	生物醫學工程	H811
Chemical Engineering	化學工程	H800
Civil Engineering	市政工程	H200
Electrical Engineering	電氣工程	H620
Information Engineering	信息工程	H630
Mechanical Engineering	機械工程	H300
Materials Science	材料科學	FJ22
Physics	物理	F303
Physics and Philosophy	物理與哲學	VF53

關(guan) 鍵日期

牛津PAT 2021考試關(guan) 鍵日期

2021年09月01日	報名開始
2021年10月15日	常規報名截止
2021年11月初	PAT考試日^[1]
2021年11月底、12月初	麵邀通知^[2]
2022年01月	成績查詢^[^3]

[1] 官方保留變更考試日期的權利，請留意官方最新消息。

[2] 牛津大學以電子郵件形式通知符合要求的考生參加麵試，也即俗稱的“麵邀”。

[3] 成績不對外公布，學生需向學院寫(xie) 郵件查詢成績。

報名方式

牛津PAT考試如何報名？

考生需通過授權考試中心報名參加PAT考試，

考生所在學校是授權考試中心，則可通過學校報名和參加PAT考試。
學校不是授權考試中心，可以社會考生的身份登錄BC官網報名。
還有部分城市有校外機構，可以代社會考生報名並組織PAT考試。

報名時需提交給考試中心以下信息：

姓名、性別、出生日期及UCAS編號
所申請大學的名稱、專業及專業代碼
如因身體原因需要特殊照顧，需一並提交相關證明材料

考試形式

牛津PAT考試形式是怎樣的？

答題方式

筆試

考試時長

2小時

考試題型

選擇題和簡答題

計分方式

試卷滿分為(wei) 100分，每道題分值不固定。從(cong) 2017年起，選擇題一般每題2分，通常簡答題每題3到9分不等，個(ge) 別題分值超過9分。

公式表

考試不提供公式表，也不允許攜帶任何公式表、數據手冊(ce) 等。

計算器

自2018年起允許使用功能受限製的計算器。可以使用的計算器型號如：Casio fx83/85 GT plus。不允許使用包含以下功能的計算器：

翻譯
含符號或數值的代數表達式計算
含符號或數值的微積分計算
解不等式
解方程組
繪製圖像
與其他機器通訊或訪問互聯網
可存儲數據、詞典、數學公式和文本信息

不可以在PAT考試中使用的計算器型號如：Casio CLASSWIZ (fx-991EX, fx-991ESPLUS, fx-570EX)。注意：卡西歐fx-991係列計算器在A Level課程體(ti) 係的學生中很流行，而圖形計算器對美高、AP課程學生是必備的，嚴(yan) 格來說這兩(liang) 類計算器都是不允許帶入PAT考場的。

試卷樣題

牛津PAT試卷樣題PAT 2019年真題：(向下滑動查看全部)

注：由於(yu) 字符限製，導致試題不能完整展示，完整版樣題已經放出截圖，請向下滑動查看

考試範圍

牛津PAT考試範圍解讀PAT大綱並不會(hui) 每年修訂，目前最新的是2018版大綱，其全文如下：(向下滑動查看全部)

Physics Aptitude Test (PAT) syllabusSyllabus 6 June 2018

Please note that any formulae included in this syllabus do not represent an exhaustive list of formulae which might be used within the exam.

Syllabus for the Mathematics content of Physics Aptitude Test

Elementary mathematics:

Knowledge of elementary mathematics, in particular topics in arithmetic, geometry including coordinate geometry, and probability, will be assumed. Questions may require the manipulation of mathematical expressions in a physical context.

Algebra:

Knowledge of the properties of polynomials, including the solution of quadratics either using a formula or by factorising.
Graph sketching including the use of differentiation to find stationary points.
Transformations of variables.
Solutions to inequalities.
Elementary trigonometry including relationships between sine, cosine and tangent (sum and difference formulae will be stated if required).
Properties of logarithms and exponentials and how to combine logarithms, e.g. log(a) + log(b) = log(ab) .
Knowledge of the formulae for the sum of arithmetic and geometric progressions to n (or infinite) terms.
Use of the binomial expansion for expressions such as (a+bx)ⁿ, using only positive integer values of n.

Calculus:

Differentiation and integration of polynomials including fractional and negative powers.
Differentiation to find the slope of a curve, and the location of maxima and minima.
Integration as the reverse of differentiation and as finding the area under a curve.
Simplifying integrals by symmetry arguments including use of the properties of even and odd functions (where an even function has f(x)= f(-x), an odd function has f(-x)= - f(x)).

Syllabus for the Physics content of Physics Aptitude Test

Mechanics:

Distance, velocity, speed, acceleration, and the relationships between them, e.g. velocity as the rate of change of distance with time, acceleration as rate of change of velocity with time. Understand the difference between vector quantities (e.g. velocity) and scalar quantities (e.g. speed). Knowledge and use of equations such as speed = distance / time, acceleration = change in velocity / time or the SUVAT equations.
Interpretation of graphs, e.g. force-distance, distance-time, velocity-time graphs and what the gradient of a curve or area underneath a curve represents.
Response of a system to multiple forces; Newton's laws of motion; know the difference between weight (= mg) and mass; vector addition of forces.
Circular motion including equations for centripetal force (F=mω²r or F=mv²/r) and acceleration (a=v²/r or a=ω²r).
The meaning of the terms friction, air resistance and terminal velocity and how they can be calculated.
Levers (including taking moments about a point on an object), pulleys (including calculating the tension in a rope or the overall motion in a system of ropes and pulleys) and other simple machines combining levers, springs and pulleys.
Springs, including knowledge of Hooke's law (Force = - kx) and stored potential energy ( = 1/2 kx² ).
Kinetic energy (= 1/2 mv²) and gravitational potential energy (= mgh in a constant gravitational field) and their inter-conversion; what other forms of energy exist (e.g. thermal, sound).
Conservation of energy and momentum (=mass x velocity); power ( = energy transfer/time) and work ( = force x distance moved in direction of force).

Waves and optics:

An understanding of the terms longitudinal and transverse waves; and that waves transfer energy without net movement of matter.
Be able to define the amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength and speed of a wave. Knowledge and use of formulae for the wave speed = wavelength x frequency and frequency = 1 / period (with units of hertz, Hz).
Basic properties of the electromagnetic spectrum, e.g. identify and correctly order parts of the spectrum by wavelength or frequency (radio waves, microwaves, IR, visible light, UV, X rays and gamma rays) and the nature and properties of electromagnetic waves (transverse, travel at the speed of light in a vacuum).
Description of reflection at plane mirrors, where the angle of incidence (the angle between the incident ray and the normal) = angle of reflection (angle between the reflected ray and the normal).
Refraction, including the definition of refractive index (n) as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a material and Snell’s law n₁sinθ₁=n₂sinθ₂. Elementary properties of prisms and optical fibres including total internal reflection, where total internal reflection occurs at an angle θ_c when sinθ_c=n₂/n₁
Qualitative understanding of how interference, diffraction and standing waves can occur.

Electricity and magnetism:

Understanding of the terms current ( = charge / time), voltage (potential difference = energy / charge), charge, resistance ( = voltage / current) and links to energy and power (power = voltage x current, power = energy / time). Knowledge of transformers, including how the number of turns on the primary and secondary coils affect the voltage and current.
Understanding circuit diagrams including batteries, wires, resistors, filament lamps, diodes, capacitors, light dependent resistors and thermistors. Knowledge of current, voltage and resistance rules for series and parallel circuits.
Knowledge of the force between two point charges (Force= kQ₁Q₂/r²(where k is a constant)) and on a point charge in a constant electric field (Force = charge x electric field).
Understanding that current is a flow of electrons; the photoelectric effect, where photoelectrons are emitted if they are given sufficient energy to overcome the work function of the material, and how to find the energy of accelerated electron beams ( energy = charge x potential difference).

Natural world:

Atomic structure; that atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons, definition of the atomic number, Bohr model of the atom.
Basic knowledge of bodies in our Solar System, including planets, moons, comets and asteroids. (Name and relative positions of the planets should be known but detailed knowledge of their physical parameters is not required).
Know what is meant by the phrases ‘phases of the moon’ and ‘eclipses’ and how the position of the observer on the Earth affects their view of these events.
Knowledge of circular orbits under gravity including orbital speed, radius, period, centripetal acceleration, and gravitational centripetal force. This may include equating the force between two masses due to gravity (F=GM₁M₂/r²) to centripetal force of a smaller body orbiting a larger body (F=mω²r or F=mv²/r) and use of centripetal acceleration (a=v²/r or a=ω²r).
Understanding of the terms satellites; geostationary and polar orbits.

Problem solving:

Problems may be set which require problem solving based on information provided rather than knowledge about a topic.

If there are parts of the syllabus which you think won't be covered at school by the time of the PAT, we expect you to work on them by yourself. Your teachers might be able to advise you.

Calculators and tables

Non-graphical calculators may be used but no tables or lists of formulae are allowed. Candidates may be expected to perform standard arithmetical operations by hand, including simple powers and roots, and the manipulation of fractions. Numeric answers should be calculated to 2 significant figures unless indicated otherwise. Specifications for Calculators used in the PAT

數學部分基礎數學

基本的數學運算、幾何圖形、坐標幾何、概率等知識。

代數

二次式、多項式、繪製函數圖像、不等式、三角函數、指數和對數函數、等差和等比數列、二項式定理等。

微積分

多項式的微分和積分、求斜率和極值、積分求麵積、利用對稱性求奇函數和偶函數的積分等

物理部分

包括力學、波和光、電學和磁學、近代物理和天文學部分內(nei) 容。不含熱學。

2017年命題方式調整

從(cong) 2017年起再次引入選擇題，並且不再將數學和物理分成兩(liang) 個(ge) 部分，而是數學、物理混合出題。

篩選機製

牛津PAT考多少分才能進麵試

PAT成績分布

2020年PAT平均分為(wei) 49.1，相比2019年均分41.5要高出不少。下圖為(wei) 牛津官方給出2020年PAT所有考生的成績分布圖。全麵解讀｜牛津PAT物理考試【2021】從(cong) 圖中可以看出，2020年PAT成績66分以上的學生全部進入麵試，60-80分之間基本有一半的概率能被錄取，80分以上的大部分都被錄取，而88分以上的則全都被錄取。

麵試名單篩選機製改革

2019年起，牛津物理係改變了以往僅(jin) 通過PAT成績和其他相關(guan) 信息篩選麵試名單的方式，采用了新的麵試名單篩選機製。

R-Score

對於(yu) 有GCSE成績的學生，采用新的R-score作為(wei) 麵試預篩選方式。該方式將PAT成績和cGCSE分數(contextualised GCSE score)結合起來，計算公式如下：

R-score = PAT成績+10×cGCSE

對於(yu) 沒有GCSE成績的學生來說，PAT成績仍是重要的麵試名單篩選方式。

cGCSE成績是如何計算的？

牛津官方對cGCSE成績的描述如下：

The cGCSE score is expressed as the number of standard deviations the applicant is away from their ‘expected’ number of A*/9/8 grades. It will typically be in the range -3 to +3, expressed to 2 decimal places.意思就是：先算出所有申請者取得A*/9/8等級的GCSE科目數(以下簡稱“科目數”)，以及科目數平均值和標準差。

cGCSE分數=(該申請者的科目數-科目數平均值)÷科目數標準差

通常cGCSE分數在-3到3之間，精確到2位小數。

據官方報告描述，2020年共有1805名學生申請牛津物理或物理與(yu) 哲學專(zhuan) 業(ye) ，其中1098名(約占全部申請人數的61%)有GCSE成績並被分配了cGCSE分數，且絕大多數學生的cGCSE分數都在-2到2之間。

2020年官方發布的cGCSE分數分布圖：

全麵解讀｜牛津PAT物理考試【2021】剩下700名左右非英國學生或沒有GCSE相關(guan) 成績的學生，CGCSE分數統一按0分計算。

真正的麵試分數線

2020年R-score高於(yu) 66.9分的341名學生自動晉級麵試，66.9分就是常規意義(yi) 上的麵試分數線。還有59名比66.9分稍微低一點點的學生在考查其他綜合後自動晉級麵試。還有83名學生盡管沒有達到分數線，但結合他們(men) 提交的其他優(you) 秀的學術表現證明或可諒解的情節之後也被邀請進入麵試。最終有483名學生進入麵試，而2019年則有457人進麵試。

R-Score預篩選機製意味著什麽(me) ？R-Score預篩選機製本質上是學生GCSE階段成績在PAT成績基礎上的加權，使得GCSE成績在麵試篩選中占一定的比重。2018年以前，PAT成績足夠高就可以進麵試，但自2019年起，如果GCSE成績不夠理想(門數較少或偏科嚴(yan) 重)的學生，即使PAT成績比較高，也容易因為(wei) cGCSE成績拖後腿而與(yu) 牛津無緣。但也需要注意R-Score隻是用於(yu) 預篩選，也就是在決(jue) 定最終麵試名單時還要考慮其他相關(guan) 信息，包括能證明學生學術水平一貫優(you) 秀、所處地區的教學資源的優(you) 劣勢等等。對中國學生申請有什麽(me) 影響？在國內(nei) 學習(xi) A Level課程的學生有相當一部分沒有學習(xi) GCSE課程，這部分學生暫時不受R-Score預篩選機製的影響，牛津還是會(hui) 按之前的篩選機製確認麵試名單。而對於(yu) 有幾門IGCSE成績但是科目數量不夠多(一般來說少於(yu) 7門)的學生來說，多少會(hui) 在麵試名單篩選中處於(yu) 劣勢。

考試難度

牛津PAT考試難嗎？最近兩(liang) 三年PAT題目越來越靈活、難度也越來越大，有些難題考查的知識範圍已經超出考綱，題型也越來越接近物理競賽題。

牛津PAT和英國高級物理挑戰賽 (Senior Physics Challenge,原AS Challenge) 哪個(ge) 難？

難度差不多。兩(liang) 者涉及的知識點範圍也都差不多。主要原因有兩(liang) 點：第一，PAT和高級物理挑戰賽都由牛津大學物理係命題，盡管命題人可能不一樣，但出題套路大同小異，兩(liang) 者相似度極高；第二，PAT考試時間在A2上學期，很多學生還沒有學完A2物理，命題人出於(yu) 公平性考慮，不會(hui) 像競賽那樣考察的知識範圍很廣，PAT隻能按學生學完AS物理全部內(nei) 容和少量A2物理的知識來命題，所以在知識考查範圍上跟高級物理挑戰賽基本是一個(ge) 水平。

兩(liang) 者的主要區別：