機考 SAT 閱讀證據題和推理題不同的地方

#證據題

Digital SAT （機考）的證據題有兩(liang) 個(ge) 類型，一個(ge) 是文本證據（Textual evidence）,  另外一個(ge) 是數據證據（Quantitative evidence），數據證據題比較明顯，就是有圖表的題。

文本證據一般的提問方式是

Which quotation from “To You” most effectively illustrates the claim?

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ hypothesis?

所謂證據的意思就是在選項裏麵找一個(ge) 答案，做為(wei) 證據可以去支持或者反對文本中的某個(ge) 觀點‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

比如，

“To You” is an 1856 poem by Walt Whitman. In the poem, Whitman suggests that he deeply understands the reader, whom he addresses directly, writing, ______

Which quotation from “To You” most effectively illustrates the claim?

1. 
“Your true soul and body appear before me.”

2. 
“Whoever you are, now I place my hand upon you, that you be my poem.”

3. 
“I should have made my way straight to you long ago.”

4. “Whoever you are, I fear you are walking the walks of dreams.”‍

如果再籠統化下，就是下麵的這個(ge) 圖示‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

值得注意的是，這種文本證據題也有反對的

比如下麵這個(ge) 來自於(yu) 官方bluebook 的練習(xi) 題問的就是拿個(ge) 選項可以削弱（undermine）原文的某個(ge) 觀點‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

When digging for clams, their primary food, sea otters damage the roots of eelgrass plants growing on the seafloor. Near Vancouver Island in Canada, the otter population is large and well established, yet the eelgrass meadows are healthier than those found elsewhere off Canada’s coast. 【現象】To explain this, conservation scientist Erin Foster and colleagues compared the Vancouver Island meadows to meadows where otters are absent or were reintroduced only recently. Finding that the Vancouver Island meadows have a more diverse gene pool than the others do, Foster hypothesized that damage to eelgrass roots increases the plant’s rate of sexual reproduction; this, in turn, boosts genetic diversity, which benefits the meadow’s health overall. 【解釋】

Which finding, if true, would most directly undermine Foster’s hypothesis?

1. At some sites in the study, eelgrass meadows are found near otter populations that are small and have only recently been reintroduced.

2. At several sites not included in the study, there are large, well-established sea otter populations but no eelgrass meadows.

3. 
At several sites not included in the study, eelgrass meadows’ health correlates negatively with the length of residence and size of otter populations.

4. 
At some sites in the study, the health of plants unrelated to eelgrass correlates negatively with the length of residence and size of otter populations.

這題題幹本質是原文有個(ge) "現象<---解釋"的邏輯鏈，題目要求我們(men) 要找一個(ge) 選項去削弱這個(ge) 邏輯鏈，也就是要證明原文的解釋不對。D 選項有一定的幹擾性，這個(ge) 答案不能選的原因是 “plants unrelated to eelgrass” 和題幹討論的現象無關(guan) ，所以和這個(ge) 邏輯鏈無關(guan) ，所以不能起到削弱的效果。‍

當然證據不管是加強還是反對，本質上都是要和證明的對象（就是上麵兩(liang) 個(ge) 題目的claim 和hypothesis ）建立起來重複關(guan) 係。

#推斷題

推斷題一般的提問方式是‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

Which choice most logically completes the text?

以下是來自於(yu) bluebook 的例子

The domestic sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) descends from a wild plant native to South America. It also populates the Polynesian Islands, where evidence confirms that Native Hawaiians and other Indigenous peoples were cultivating the plant centuries before seafaring first occurred over the thousands of miles of ocean separating them from South America. To explain how the sweet potato was first introduced in Polynesia, botanist Pablo Muñoz-Rodríguez and colleagues analyzed the DNA of numerous varieties of the plant, concluding that Polynesian varieties diverged from South American ones over 100,000 years ago. Given that Polynesia was peopled only in the last three thousand years, the team concluded that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

1. the cultivation of the sweet potato in Polynesia likely predates its cultivation in South America.

2. 
Polynesian peoples likely acquired the sweet potato from South American peoples only within the last three thousand years.

3. human activity likely played no role in the introduction of the sweet potato in Polynesia.

4. Polynesian sweet potato varieties likely descend from a single South American variety that was domesticated, not wild.‍

類比證據題給個(ge) 圖式的話，就是下麵這個(ge) ‍‍‍‍

就是要由文本已經有的內(nei) 容去推導出來選項。‍‍

當然能從(cong) 文本推導出來的，一定是基於(yu) 文本內(nei) 容的重複。

所以證據題和推理題有一定的雷同的地方：都是和文本的重複（當然這是閱讀題普遍有的特點）。

隻是證據是“下對上”，推理題是“上推下”。另外一個(ge) 證據題和推理題不同的地方是：證據題的答案可以是文本沒有的新信息，隻要能證明文本裏的某個(ge) 觀點就好；但推理題的答案因為(wei) 是從(cong) 文本推出來的，所以不能是跳出文本範圍以外的內(nei) 容。‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

以上麵這個(ge) 題目為(wei) 例，從(cong) 文本能推出來的內(nei) 容其實是很多的，所以我們(men) 讀完文本，去找答案的時候，其實是找出3個(ge) 從(cong) 文本推不出來的選項，一般可能是文本沒有的新信息，可能是和文本內(nei) 容相反了，等等。‍‍‍‍‍

比如上麵這個(ge) 題目

The domestic sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) descends from a wild plant native to South America. It also populates the Polynesian Islands, where evidence confirms that Native Hawaiians and other Indigenous peoples were cultivating the plant centuries before seafaring first occurred over the thousands of miles of ocean separating them from South America. To explain how the sweet potato was first introduced in Polynesia, botanist Pablo Muñoz-Rodríguez and colleagues analyzed the DNA of numerous varieties of the plant, concluding that Polynesian varieties diverged from South American ones over 100,000 years ago. Given that Polynesia was peopled only in the last three thousand years, the team concluded that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

1. the cultivation of the sweet potato in Polynesia likely predates its cultivation in South America.
 與文中內容相反，potato 是從南美傳到P的，不可能P更早
2. 
Polynesian peoples likely acquired the sweet potato from South American peoples only within the last three thousand years.
 與文中內容相反，原文已經明確了是10萬年前來到P的
3. human activity likely played no role in the introduction of the sweet potato in Polynesia.
 P 的人是3000年前來的，但potato 是10萬年前就到P了，所以這個potato不是人帶來的
4. Polynesian sweet potato varieties likely descend from a single South American variety that was domesticated, not wild. 新信息：到底是南美個哪個potato 種子，不知道

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這兩(liang) 個(ge) 題型在機考SAT 閱讀裏的占比蠻高，首先做題的時候可以注意下題目的特點，另外做完分析的時候，可以看下文本和選項之間的重複方式。‍‍‍‍‍

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