NHBB參賽必備曆史知識點-第④期

European History歐洲曆史

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Georges Braque (1882-1964) were co-founders of a Modern Art style called Cubism.

巴勃羅·畢加索(1881-1973)和喬(qiao) 治·布拉克(1882-1964)共同開創了立體(ti) 主義(yi) ，屬現代藝術風格之一。

02Beheading by the guillotine was the primary mode of execution during the French Revolution. 斷頭台是法國大革命期間主要的處決(jue) 刑具。

03Adam Smith (1723-1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher who wrote The Wealth of Nations. 亞(ya) 當·斯密(1723-1790)是蘇格蘭(lan) 道德哲學家，著有《國富論》。

圖源：百度百科

04The Crimean War was fought between the Russians and an alliance of the British, French, and the Ottoman Empire. 克裏米亞(ya) 戰爭(zheng) 是俄羅斯人與(yu) 英、法、奧斯曼帝國聯盟之間的戰爭(zheng) 。

05Queen Victoria (1819-1901) ruled the United Kingdom from 1837 until her death in 1901. 1837年，維多利亞(ya) 女王(1819-1901)統治英國，直到1901年去世。

圖源：百度百科

06Italian Fascism was founded by Benito Mussolini (1883-1945), who led Italy during World War II. 二戰期間，貝尼托·墨索裏尼(1883-1945)領導意大利並創立了意大利法西斯主義(yi) 。

Latin American History拉丁美洲曆史

01The Incan Empire extended from modern-day Argentina to southern Colombia. 印加帝國從(cong) 今天的阿根廷一直延伸到哥倫(lun) 比亞(ya) 南部。

圖源：百度百科

02Ernesto “Che” Guevara (1928-1967) was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary who was a key figure in bringing Fidel Castro to power in Cuba. 埃內(nei) 斯托·切·格瓦拉(1928-1967)是阿根廷馬克思主義(yi) 革命家，是推動菲德爾·卡斯特羅掌握古巴政權的關(guan) 鍵人物。  

03Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) was a Mexican surrealist painter whose notable works include Memory, the Heart and Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird. 弗裏達·卡羅(1907-1954)是墨西哥超現實主義(yi) 畫家，代表作有《記憶，心》、《帶荊棘項鏈和蜂鳥的自畫像》等。

圖源：麥田藝術官網

 04Mexico was home to five major civilizations, including the Aztec, Maya, and the Olmec. 墨西哥是五大文明的發源地，包括阿茲(zi) 特克、瑪雅和奧爾梅克等。

圖源：百度百科

American History美國曆史

01Between 1848 and 1855, the California Gold Rush saw the migration of prospectors, or “forty-niners”, after gold nuggets were found in the Sacramento Valley.

1848年至1855年，人們(men) 在薩克拉門托河穀發現金塊，隨後大量淘金者陸續遷來加州，引發“淘金熱”。

圖源：百度百科

 02The “I Have a Dream” speech was delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) on August 28, 1963. 1963年8月28日，馬丁·路德·金(1929-1968)發表了名為(wei) 《我有一個(ge) 夢想》的演講。

圖源：百度百科

03Henry Kissinger (1923 - ) served as the secretary of state under Richard Nixon. 亨利·基辛格(1923 -)曾擔任理查德·尼克鬆政府的國務卿。  

04The Whig Party was a political party that rivaled the Democratic Party between the mid-1830s to the mid-1850s.19世紀30年代中期到50年代中期，輝格黨(dang) 與(yu) 民主黨(dang) （托利黨(dang) ）相爭(zheng) 。

圖源：百度百科

05Geronimo (1829-1909) was an Apache leader who led resistance against American and Mexican incursions of the Apache homeland. 傑羅尼莫(1829-1909)是阿帕切族的領袖，他領導了抵抗美國和墨西哥入侵阿帕切族領地的運動。  

06Kit Carson (1809-1868) was an American frontiersman who lends his name to the capital of Nevada. 基特·卡森(1809-1868)是一位美國前線軍(jun) 人，內(nei) 華達州首府卡森城以他的名字命名。

07Henry Clay (1777-1852) was a former Secretary of State and Congressman whose incredible negotiation skills earned him the nickname “The Great Compromiser.” 亨利·克萊(1777-1852)是美國前國務卿和國會(hui) 議員，他出色的談判技巧讓他被稱為(wei) “偉(wei) 大的調解者”。

08The American Red Cross was founded by Clara Barton (1821-1912). 美國紅十字會(hui) 由克拉拉·巴頓(1821-1912)創立。

圖源：百度百科

 09The Louisiana Purchase was the 1803 acquisition of land west of the Mississippi River. “路易斯安那購地案”是美國於(yu) 1803年收購密西西比河以西土地的交易案。  

10Frederick Douglass (1817 or 1818-1895) was an abolitionist who published the North Star. 弗雷德裏克·道格拉斯(1817或1818-1895)是一位廢奴主義(yi) 者，創辦了《北極星報》。

圖源：百度百科

 11The inaugural First Lady of the United States was Martha Washington (1731-1802). 瑪莎·華盛頓(1731-1802)是美國首位“第一夫人”。

圖源：百度百科

12In January 2002, George W. Bush (1946 - ) established the Guantánamo Bay detention camp following the 9/11 attacks. 2002年1月，喬(qiao) 治·W·布什(1946 -)在“911”恐怖襲擊後修建了關(guan) 塔那摩監獄。

13Robert E. Lee (1807-1870) was the overall commander of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. 羅伯特·E·李(1807-1870)是美國內(nei) 戰期間南方邦聯軍(jun) 隊的總指揮。