facts and data 和 visual這兩類論據evidence的使用方法

上兩(liang) 次我們(men) 討論了SAT常考的一些語法知識點,但讓同學們(men) 感到頭痛的不僅(jin) 僅(jin) 是這些語法題,更多的是所謂的閱讀理解題。在SAT改革後,已經取消了寫(xie) 作部分,而是把對寫(xie) 作知識的要求歸入了Reading and Writing,以選擇題的形式出現了,所以同學們(men) 需要注意,有些題貌似閱讀理解題,其實是寫(xie) 作題。那麽(me) SAT是如何通過選擇題型來考察學生的寫(xie) 作能力呢?我們(men) 今天就來看看一些常見的寫(xie) 作測試題類型。

首先我們(men) 要搞清楚,SAT考察的寫(xie) 作能力,並不是創意寫(xie) 作和敘事寫(xie) 作的能力,而是academic writing學術寫(xie) 作的能力。這一點在以前有寫(xie) 作部分的時候就是如此,現在也仍然如此。所以,大家不要覺得自己平時經常寫(xie) 日記寫(xie) 故事,應對SAT寫(xie) 作就沒太大問題了,因為(wei) 這是兩(liang) 個(ge) 完全不同的類型。

學術寫(xie) 作中最常見的一個(ge) 類型,就是argument essay,或者說persuasive essay。在美國留學的同學們(men) 應該對此比較清楚了,國內(nei) 同學如果沒接觸過,簡單來說,這一類型跟語文課上教的議論文有些類似,講究用各種論據來論證自己的觀點。在我們(men) 的“學術寫(xie) 作“課上有詳細講述,常見的argument essay論據evidence有四種類型:facts and data,examples,visuals,and expert opinions。一篇好的argument essay這四種evidence往往都要有,所以它們(men) 也是SAT必考的寫(xie) 作題內(nei) 容。

我們(men) 先來看看下麵這道題,它考察的是對facts and data 論據的使用:

The novelist Toni Morrison was the first Black woman to work as an editor at the publishing company Random House, from 1967 to 1983. A scholar asserts that one of Morrison’s likely aims during her time as an editor was to strengthen the presence of Black writers on the list of Random House’s published authors.

Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the scholar’s claim?

A) The percentage of authors published by Random House who were Black rose in the early 1970s and stabilized throughout the decade.

B) Black authors who were interviewed in the 1980s and 1990s were highly likely to cite Toni Morrison’s novels as a principal influence on their work.

C) The novels written by Toni Morrison that were published after 1983 sold significantly more copies and received wider critical acclaim than the novels she wrote that were published before 1983.

D) Works that were edited by Toni Morrison during her time at Random House displayed stylistic characteristics that distinguished them from works that were not edited by Morrison.

對於(yu) 這類題目,我們(men) 首先要找到論點是什麽(me) ,再去衡量哪個(ge) 論據能最好的支持這個(ge) 論點。這裏我們(men) 幫大家把論點句子標識出來了:如何證明Morrison在擔任某出版社主編的時期(1967至1983),幫助了更多黑人作家出版作品?

這裏,我們(men) 就要學會(hui) 辨別什麽(me) 樣的數據和事實,從(cong) 邏輯上跟論點有聯係,並且能夠有力地支持它。A選項提到在70年代(屬於(yu) 1967-1983之間),該出版社出版的黑人作家作品比例不斷上升,穩步增長。

這個(ge) 數據事實明顯從(cong) 邏輯上直接支持上述論點,為(wei) 正確選項。B選項表明八九十年代的黑人作家喜歡強調Morrison作品對他們(men) 的影響——Morrison自己作品的影響力,和她作為(wei) 出版社主編的工作(幫助更多黑人作家出版作品)有必然聯係嗎?並沒有,所以B選項與(yu) 論點無關(guan) 。同樣,C選項強調的也是Morrison自己的作品風格變化,D選項強調的是該出版社編輯風格的變化,這兩(liang) 個(ge) 都與(yu) Morrison對黑人作家的支持無直接聯係,可以排除。

雖然facts and data是最有力的一類論據evidence,另一類論據,圖表visual,也是現實中經常用到的一類論據。而且因為(wei) table表格中的數據信息較多,如何分析解讀來支持自己的觀點,這一點不僅(jin) 是我們(men) 平時寫(xie) 作時需要注意的,也是SAT經常考察的寫(xie) 作知識點。以下麵這道題為(wei) 例:

Number and Origin of Clamshell Tools Found at Different

Levels Below the Surface in Neanderthal Cave

Depth of tools found below surface in cave (meters)

Clamshells that Neanderthals collected from the beach

Clamshells that Neanderthals harvested from the seafloor

3–4

99

33

6-7

1

0

4-5

2

0

2-3

7

0

5-6

18

7

Studying tools unearthed at a cave site on the western coast of Italy, archaeologist Paola Villa and colleagues have determined that prehistoric Neanderthal groups fashioned them from shells of clams that they harvested from the seafloor while wading or diving or that washed up on the beach. Clamshells become thin and eroded as they wash up on the beach, while those on the seafloor are smooth and sturdy, so the research team suspects that Neanderthals prized the tools made with seafloor shells. However, the team also concluded that those tools were likely more challenging to obtain, noting that ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to support the research team’s conclusion?

A) at each depth below the surface in the cave, the difference in the numbers of tools of each type suggests that shells were easier to collect from the beach than to harvest from the seafloor.

B) the highest number of tools were at a depth of 3–4 meters below the surface, which suggests that the Neanderthal population at the site was highest during the related period of time.

C) at each depth below the surface in the cave, the difference in the numbers of tools of each type suggests that Neanderthals preferred to use clamshells from the beach because of their durability.

D) the higher number of tools at depths of 5–6 meters below the surface in the cave than at depths of 4–5 meters below the surface suggests that the size of clam populations changed over time.

乍一看上去該題很長,還有一個(ge) 數據表格包含了挺多信息。但同樣的,我們(men) 要抓住重點——需要證明的論點是什麽(me) ?找到了論點,我們(men) 就可以把任何跟論點無關(guan) 的信息都排除掉。這裏我們(men) 同樣幫大家把論點標識出來了:如何證明海底的貝殼要比沙灘的貝殼更難獲得?也就是說,如何解讀表格中的數據信息來證明這一點?

表格中有三列信息,第一列是挖掘到貝殼的土深,第二列是挖掘出的沙灘貝殼數量,第三列是挖掘出的海底貝殼數量。既然我們(men) 要證明的論點是比較海底貝殼和沙灘貝殼,那麽(me) 土深這列數據,不管它是表明時代年份還是地質變化,都跟我們(men) 的論點沒有直接關(guan) 係,在這裏就是不需要關(guan) 注的表格信息,所以我們(men) 僅(jin) 需要關(guan) 注如何解讀後兩(liang) 列信息。

A選項解讀表格的方式是,在每一個(ge) 土深(也就是不管是哪個(ge) 土深,不管第一列的信息),挖到的貝殼數量都是沙灘的比海底的多,所以海底貝殼更難獲得。這其實就完全符合我們(men) 上麵的思路——不管第一列,隻比較貝殼的數量差別。

B選項和D選項都是在討論第一列信息,土深數據的背後含義(yi) ,這都是跟我們(men) 的論點無關(guan) 的,可以排除掉。

C選項咋一看也是在解讀後兩(liang) 列的貝殼數量差別,似乎也是正確選項,但仔細讀讀,它提到沙灘貝殼更耐用,這個(ge) 信息明顯是與(yu) 題幹裏的信息——沙灘貝殼被磨薄和腐蝕了——含義(yi) 相反的,所以是對表格信息的錯誤解讀。

今天我們(men) 先通過真題來看看facts and data 和 visual這兩(liang) 類論據evidence的使用方法,下次我們(men) 再來看看examples 和 expert opinions這兩(liang) 類論據是如何使用的,以及SAT是如何考察的。

【競賽報名/項目谘詢+微信:mollywei007】

上一篇

慕尼黑大學、皇家理工學院最新崗位製博士項目分享

下一篇

2025Fall8大英國TOP院校申請上新!

你也可能喜歡

  • 暫無相關文章!

評論已經被關(guan) 閉。

插入圖片
返回頂部