WSDA賽事指南 | 即興辯論比賽規則與流程深度解析

在WSDA的眾(zhong) 多賽事中，即興(xing) 辯論（Extemporaneous Debate）是一項獨具挑戰也極富魅力的比賽。它不僅(jin) 考驗學生的語言表達與(yu) 臨(lin) 場反應，更錘煉邏輯思維、信息整合與(yu) 觀點建構的綜合能力。

每一輪比賽，選手都將麵對一個(ge) 全新的辯題——沒有“標準答案”，而是需要大腦與(yu) 經驗的即時聯動，在較短的時間內(nei) 完成從(cong) “陌生議題”到“清晰立場”的快速轉化。

本指南旨在為(wei) 即將參與(yu) WSDA即興(xing) 辯論的選手提供詳盡、實用的賽事信息。無論你是初次接觸這項賽事的新手，還是希望更進一步的資深辯手，都能在這裏找到你所需的規則、流程、技巧與(yu) 準備建議，助你在思辨的賽場上走得更遠、站得更穩！

01、Event Description

比賽形式

Students compete in a one-on-one format with limited prep time to prepare for the topic they are to debate. Students present arguments and engage in rebuttals, however, unlike other common debate events, students debate a number of topics, as opposed to a single topic for the entire tournament. Each round students are presented a unique resolution. They are given a minimum of thirty minutes to prepare for the round. The use of evidence is permitted, but not a focal point due to the limited time available to prepare a case for the round.

During the preparation and debate, participants are not allowed to use electronic devices or the internet, nor are they permitted to contact anyone outside the competition for assistance.

學生在有限的準備時間內(nei) 對將要進行的辯題做準備，以一對一的形式比賽。然而，與(yu) 其他常見的辯論類型不同的是，即興(xing) 辯論要求學生在比賽過程中對一係列辯題進行論點陳述及反駁。每一輪，學生需要提供一個(ge) 獨特的解決(jue) 方案，並且之前有至少30分鍾的時間來準備這一輪比賽。允許使用證據，但是考慮到準備時間有限，使用證據不作為(wei) 最重要的評分點。

在辯題準備與(yu) 比賽過程中，選手不允許使用電子設備與(yu) 互聯網，也不允許聯係任何賽場以外人員尋求幫助。

02、Considerations for Extemporaneous Debate

考慮事項

Students who are interested in doing Extemporaneous Debate should be well versed in various topics since the resolutions for the debate change round to round. Students should be able to think quickly on their feet and work under time restrictions. Any student who does debate or extemp is naturally drawn to Extemporaneous Debate. However, the event is not something that other public speakers or interpers should shy away from. Students who are knowledgeable, thoughtful, and able to process ideas quickly to formulate positions would find the event to be challenging and rewarding.

對即興(xing) 辯論感興(xing) 趣的學生應當對各種話題都有深入了解，因為(wei) 每一輪的辯論議題都會(hui) 變化。學生需要具備快速反應能力，並能在時間限製下高效完成準備。任何參加過辯論或即興(xing) 演講的學生，自然會(hui) 對即興(xing) 辯論產(chan) 生興(xing) 趣。知識淵博、思維敏捷、能夠快速整合觀點並形成立場的同學，將會(hui) 發現這項活動既充滿挑戰又收獲頗豐(feng) 。

03、Traits of Successful Extemp Debaters

成功的即興(xing) 辯論

When considering what event to choose, or which direction to point a student selecting an event, here are some traits of successful Extemp Debate students to keep in mind:

在考慮選擇什麽(me) 比賽類型或引導選手如何選擇比賽類型時，以下是成功的即興(xing) 辯論所包含的要素：

Analytical 分析性

Broad knowledge base 廣泛的知識儲(chu) 備

Confident 自信

Persuasive speaker 具有說服力

Quick thinker 反應迅速

Independent 獨立思考

Logical thinker 有邏輯

04、Extemp Debate Topics

即興(xing) 辯論辯題

All rounds of WSDA extemporaneous debates use impromptu topics.

WSDA即興(xing) 辯論所有輪次使用即興(xing) 辯題。

05、Examples of Past Extemp Debate Topics

往屆即興(xing) 辯論辯題示例

Resolved: "China should prioritize the production of nuclear power plants over other forms of renewable energy generation."
Resolved: "The benefits of intensive agricultural practices in developing countries outweigh the harms."
Resolved: "On balance, the rise of Russian influence in Latin America increases regional instability."
Resolved: "On balance, multilateral free trade agreements are more beneficial than harmful for developing countries."
Resolved: "The economic benefits of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement outweigh the harms."
Resolved: "The benefits of using standardized tests to place students in schools justify the costs."
Resolved: "On balance, uniformity in education leads to mediocrity."
Resolved: "Violent juvenile offenders ought to be treated as adults in the criminal justice system."
Resolved: "On balance, crypto currencies are more beneficial than harmful."
Resolved: "A four-day work week more beneficial than harmful."
Resolved: "An Universal basic income is more beneficial than harmful."
Resolved: "Countries ought to substantially increase the use of nuclear power to generate electricity."
Resolved: "A just government ought to have a Social Wealth Fund."

06、Basic Understandings

比賽流程

Extemporaneous Debate is a one-on-one format that is unique from other events offered by the National Speech & Debate Association and implemented again in WSDA tournaments. During this limited prep debate event, students are only guaranteed thirty minutes to prepare for their round once the topic is released. There are instances when debaters may get more than thirty minutes, but never less. During the preparation and debate, participants are not allowed to use electronic devices or the internet, nor are they permitted to contact anyone outside the competition for assistance. However. debaters are allowed to discuss among the same position in the prep room.

Debaters are either in favor of the resolution or against the resolution and will be assigned to a particular side by a computer. The debater affirming the topic is known as the proposition debater, where the debater negating the topic is known as the opposition debater. Debaters present their positions on the topic and engage in cross-examination and rebuttals.

即興(xing) 辯論是NSDA賽事中獨具特色的一對一競賽形式，現重新引入WSDA比賽體(ti) 係。在這項限時準備的辯論活動中，選手從(cong) 拿到辯題到正式上場僅(jin) 有30分鍾備賽時間。雖然偶爾可能獲得更多準備時間，但絕不會(hui) 少於(yu) 30分鍾。在辯題準備與(yu) 比賽過程中，選手不允許使用電子設備與(yu) 互聯網，也不允許聯係任何賽場以外人員尋求幫助，但允許準備室內(nei) 同方的辯手之間討論。

辯手需圍繞既定議題持支持或反對立場——由電腦隨機分配持方。其中，支持辯題的稱為(wei) 正方辯手，反對辯題的稱為(wei) 反方辯。雙方需在陳述立場後展開交叉質詢與(yu) 反駁陳詞。

07、Structural Components

辯論結構

All speeches are two minutes in length and all speech times are protected (a speaker may not be interrupted by the other speaker or by the judge). The proposition debater must affirm the resolution by presenting and defending a sufficient case for the resolution. The opposition debater must oppose the resolution and/or the proposition debater’s case. The round will have constructives, rebuttals, cross examination, and built in prep time.

所有發言時長均為(wei) 兩(liang) 分鍾，且發言時間受保護（辯手在發言期間不得被對方或裁判打斷）。正方辯手必須通過提出並論證支持辯題的完整案例來維護決(jue) 議，而反方辯手則需反駁決(jue) 議和/或正方的論證框架。整輪辯論將包含立論陳詞、反駁環節、交叉質詢以及準備時間等標準化流程。

WSDA賽事指南 | 即興(xing) 辯論比賽規則與(yu) 流程深度解析

08、Organizing & Argumentation

組織結構&論點論據

First, a debater must clearly establish their claim. This is generally a declarative statement that establishes the point they are setting out to justify. Next, a debater must clearly establish why their argument is valid. This is known as the warrant for an argument. Debaters need to go beyond asserting their claims by backing them up with analysis explaining why the argument is true. The warrant can come in many forms, but is necessary for the development of the argument. It is important to note that having an author simply make an assertion about a topic is not a warrant. Finally, a debater must provide an impact for their argument. This means the debater establishes why the argument is significant in the round.

首先，辯手必須明確立論。這通常是一個(ge) 宣言式陳述，用以闡明其試圖論證的核心觀點。其次，辯手需論證其主張的合理性——這一過程被稱為(wei) “論據支撐”（warrant）。辯手不能僅(jin) 停留在觀點斷言層麵，而必須通過分析闡釋該論點為(wei) 何成立來夯實論證。論據支撐可呈現為(wei) 多種形式，但它是構建完整論證鏈的必要環節。需特別注意的是，單純引用某位作者對議題的斷言並不能構成有效論據支撐。最後，辯手必須闡明論證的實質影響（impact），即向裁判展示該論點在本輪辯論中的關(guan) 鍵價(jia) 值所在。

09、Casing

構建案例

After students brainstorm arguments, it is time to construct cases. Many students in extemporaneous debate will outline a position, as opposed to writing out a case verbatim. Since the case being read is only two minutes it is important for the debater to efficiently develop their ideas. A thesis statement may be appropriate at the start of a case with well structured and signposted arguments that directly link back to said thesis. Similar to contentions in other debate events or main points in extemp, each main point in the case should be clearly indicated and organized.

在頭腦風暴形成論點後，選手便進入案例構建階段。即興(xing) 辯論中，多數選手會(hui) 選擇提綱式架構而非逐字撰寫(xie) 講稿。由於(yu) 立論陳述僅(jin) 有短短兩(liang) 分鍾，辯手必須高效組織觀點——開篇可采用主題句（thesis statement）統領全局，後續所有論證都需以清晰的結構和路標式表達緊密呼應主題。與(yu) 其他辯論賽的“論點主張（contentions）”或即興(xing) 演講的“核心要點”類似，案例中的每個(ge) 主要觀點都應層次分明、邏輯自洽。

10、Refutations

駁論

Extemporaneous debate is more than just cases! Debaters engage in refuting each other's arguments. Students may refute cases by denying the validity of the argument, which is most common. Additional strategies include, but are not limited to, asserting the reverse of the argument, showing the opponent's arguments do not carry as much weight as their arguments, or taking out the link between the opponent's argument and the thesis they presented.

即興(xing) 辯論絕非僅(jin) 限於(yu) 立論陳述！更重要的是，辯手們(men) 需要相互駁斥對方的論點。最常見的反駁方式是直接否定對方論證的合理性，但還有更多策略可供選擇，例如（但不限於(yu) ）：反向立論（提出與(yu) 對方完全相反的主張）、權重比較（證明己方論點的說服力高於(yu) 對方）、或切斷邏輯鏈（瓦解對方論點與(yu) 其核心命題的關(guan) 聯性）。

11、Flowing

記筆記

It is important for debaters to learn how to keep track of arguments in the round. Typically debaters "flow" the debate round - making note of the arguments that are presented and refuted in the round. This note-taking approach requires students to abbreviate terms, phrases, and ideas so that they can get as much of the debate written down as possible. Here are some tips:

Two sheets of paper. One page will be for anything said about the proposition, the other for anything said about the opposition. Each speech in the round will receive its own column on these pages.
At least one pen, but we recommend two, in different colors, one for each side.
If your opponent is speaking, you should be writing (initially, do not try and determine what is or isn't important - just get as much down as possible) .
Label the top of each column on the proposition flow with the names of the speeches, in chronological order from left to right.
Label the top of each column on the opposition flow with the names of the speeches, in chronological order from left to right.

對於(yu) 辯手而言，掌握實時記錄論點的技巧至關(guan) 重要。通常，辯手會(hui) 采用“論點流程圖（flow）”來追蹤整場辯論——即詳細記錄比賽中提出和反駁的所有論點。這種筆記方法要求辯手熟練使用術語縮寫(xie) 和簡化表達，以盡可能完整地記錄辯論內(nei) 容。以下是具體(ti) 操作建議：

雙頁記錄法

- 準備兩(liang) 張紙：一張記錄正方論點，另一張記錄反方論點

- 每輪發言在紙上單獨成列，按發言順序從(cong) 左到右排列

工具準備

- 至少準備一支筆（建議兩(liang) 支不同顏色，分別標注正反方）

記錄原則

- 對方發言時務必持續記錄（初期無需篩選重要性，盡可能完整記錄）

- 在每張記錄紙頂部按時間順序標明各輪發言名稱

12、Standing it Up/Practicing

賽前演練/實戰練習(xi)

It is a great idea to do practice rounds before going to your first tournament. As these are such short speeches, it might appear at first that there will not be enough time to develop arguments. You will discover that you can be very efficient and focused with your language to make every second count. This is a skill that must be practiced to be fully developed. The first round could be a stop and go round where a coach or observer stops you when there's a missed opportunity for a strong argument or confusion about what you are saying. During these rounds, you may re-give speeches until you or the observer/coach are satisfied with the speech that is delivered. This is a great time to work on language choices and time management. Additionally, since the tournament only guarantees thirty minutes of prep time, students should practice under those conditions. A student should work on vocal emphasis, eye contact, and fluidity.

在首次參賽前進行模擬辯論是非常必要的。由於(yu) 每輪發言時間極短，初學者可能會(hui) 覺得難以展開充分論證。但通過練習(xi) 你會(hui) 發現，其實完全可以做到語言精煉且重點突出，讓每一秒都發揮最大價(jia) 值——這正是一項需要通過反複訓練才能掌握的技能。

分階段練習(xi) 建議：

1. 起步階段：可采用“暫停指導式”演練

- 由教練或觀察者在發現以下情況時立即叫停：

✓ 錯過構建有力論點的機會(hui)

✓ 表達存在邏輯混亂(luan)

- 可重複演練同一發言，直到達到滿意效果

- 重點打磨語言表達和時間把控能力

2. 限時模擬：嚴(yan) 格遵循30分鍾備賽規則

- 完全模擬真實比賽的時間壓力

- 專(zhuan) 項訓練：

✓ 語音強調技巧

✓ 眼神交流運用

✓ 語言流暢度提升

13、Performance Tips

辯論提示

It is important to remember that you are communicating to your judge. The decision rests solely in the hands of the judge! You must focus on persuading them, which means that you should be directing your speeches and cross-examination questions and answers to the judge, and not to your opponent.

Take feedback from judges as opportunities to improve. If judges provide oral feedback, take notes on what they share to review with your coach. Finally, do not fixate on the outcome of a round - focusing on wins and losses won't lead to greater success!

必須時刻牢記：

你的真正溝通對象是裁判！最終裁決(jue) 權完全掌握在裁判手中。因此，你應當將全部注意力放在說服裁判上——這意味著你的立論發言、交叉質詢及回答都應麵向裁判展開，而非針對對手。

裁判反饋處理指南：

1. 將裁判反饋視為(wei) 提升的黃金機會(hui)

2. 若裁判提供口頭評價(jia) ，務必記錄關(guan) 鍵要點以便與(yu) 教練複盤

3. 避免過度糾結單輪比賽勝負——執著於(yu) 輸贏反而會(hui) 阻礙進步

Sample Ballot 評分單

WSDA賽事指南 | 即興(xing) 辯論比賽規則與(yu) 流程深度解析