3月15日托福考情ETS又放水？直接考上一場的原題！

3月15日托福考試落下帷幕，考情速遞也已經出爐了！

這次考試，口語部分又玩起了

“混合態度”的花樣

but又雙叒叕考到原題了！

口語、寫(xie) 作均出現3.1題目~

同學們(men) 覺得這次考得如何？

期待備考同學們(men) 都能順利上岸！

備考的同學速速集合！快來看看本場具體(ti) 考了哪些內(nei) 容吧

閱讀

R 1

Parental Care by frogs

第一段：據估計，僅(jin) 有約 10% 的無尾目動物（青蛙和蟾蜍）物種會(hui) 提供某種形式的親(qin) 代撫育。在這 10% 的物種中，親(qin) 代撫育行為(wei) 具有非常大的多樣性，主要有五種基本類型，最常見的是照料卵，多數情況下是照料陸地上的卵，其他四種類型分別是運輸卵、照料幼蛙或蝌蚪（青蛙發育的未成熟階段）、運輸蝌蚪或幼蛙以及喂養(yang) 蝌蚪。

第二段：親(qin) 代撫育一般指在卵產(chan) 出或幼體(ti) 出生後，親(qin) 代對後代的任何形式的投入。隻有少數研究調查了兩(liang) 棲動物親(qin) 代撫育的成本和收益，雖然親(qin) 代撫育大概能提高幼體(ti) 的存活率，並且通常會(hui) 給撫育者帶來一定成本，但對於(yu) 絕大多數會(hui) 照料後代的青蛙物種，其親(qin) 代撫育的成本和收益尚不明確。

第三段：親(qin) 代撫育通過多種方式提高後代的存活率。親(qin) 代可能保護卵免受捕食者或疾病侵害，或者為(wei) 水生卵通氣。由於(yu) 陸地環境對兩(liang) 棲動物多孔且有膠狀覆蓋物的卵或蝌蚪不適宜，親(qin) 代行為(wei) 在防止它們(men) 變幹方麵尤其有益，比如有些物種的親(qin) 代會(hui) 從(cong) 膀胱釋放水分到卵上。親(qin) 代還可能翻動卵以防止發育異常。在新幾內(nei) 亞(ya) ，一些物種的雄蛙會(hui) 在背上運輸幼蛙，幼蛙在棲息地的不同地方跳下，這樣它們(men) 能從(cong) 減少的食物競爭(zheng) 、較低的捕食壓力和減少的近親(qin) 繁殖中受益。

第四段：波多黎各科基蛙的護卵行為(wei) 的益處最為(wei) 人熟知。雌性科基蛙在雄性的領地內(nei) 一個(ge) 隱蔽的地方產(chan) 卵，然後雄性照料卵。為(wei) 了定護卵的益處，丹尼爾・湯森及其同事將一些卵群（同時產(chan) 出的卵組）的護卵雄性移走，以觀察有雄性照料和無雄性照料的卵的命運。結果顯示，無雄性照料的卵群比有照料的卵群更容易失敗，無照料卵群死亡的主要原因是被其他雄性科基蛙吃掉和變幹。雄性科基蛙是其他科基蛙卵的重要捕食者，護卵的雄性會(hui) 積極保衛自己的領地免受其他雄性的侵擾，並且還能保護卵群不被曬幹。

第五段：大多數兩(liang) 棲動物不表現出親(qin) 代撫育行為(wei) ，這表明親(qin) 代撫育對親(qin) 代來說存在成本，且這些成本可能超過後代存活率提高所帶來的收益。親(qin) 代撫育的成本之一是繁殖產(chan) 出減少，表現出親(qin) 代撫育的物種通常每窩產(chan) 出的卵比不進行親(qin) 代撫育的相關(guan) 物種少。此外，花在親(qin) 代撫育上的時間和精力可能限製了額外交配的機會(hui) 。

另一個(ge) 成本是進行撫育的親(qin) 代食物攝入量減少，親(qin) 代在守衛巢穴或卵時通常不進食，與(yu) 卵待在一起的雌性總體(ti) 上產(chan) 出的卵群數量比不與(yu) 卵待在一起的雌性少。親(qin) 代存活率降低是親(qin) 代撫育的另一個(ge) 潛在成本，與(yu) 卵待在一起會(hui) 增加個(ge) 體(ti) 被捕食的脆弱性，由於(yu) 大多數兩(liang) 棲動物體(ti) 型小且對脊椎動物捕食者的防禦能力弱，親(qin) 代撫育可能增加親(qin) 代死亡的風險，並且可能無法拯救它們(men) 的卵或幼體(ti) 。

第六段：在某些情況下親(qin) 代撫育會(hui) 得以進化。如果親(qin) 代能夠足夠提高後代的存活率以抵消所涉及的成本，我們(men) 預計親(qin) 代撫育就會(hui) 進化。如果環境條件惡劣，或者卵或幼體(ti) 麵臨(lin) 的捕食壓力高，親(qin) 代撫育的益處可能超過成本。在一些情況下親(qin) 代撫育的成本可能是最小的，例如當親(qin) 代在捕食者不易接近的隱蔽巢穴照料後代時。對於(yu) 雌性來說，如果由於(yu) 其他原因繁殖產(chan) 出已經受到限製，親(qin) 代撫育的成本可能最小，比如如果雌性通常每個(ge) 季節隻產(chan) 一窩卵，照料這窩卵可能不會(hui) 明顯減少繁殖產(chan) 出。對於(yu) 雄性來說，如果他能在照料後代的同時保衛領地並吸引更多雌性，那麽(me) 親(qin) 代撫育的成本也可能最小。

R 2

Chinampas

第一段：15 和 16 世紀，阿茲(zi) 特克帝國橫跨如今墨西哥的中部和南部，涵蓋高地和低地。在相對平坦的低地和一些淺湖床地區，灌溉農(nong) 業(ye) 占主導。人們(men) 建造了大麵積的洪水灌溉係統，水中攜帶的營養(yang) 物質和土壤顆粒使土壤得到強化和補充，無需休耕。灌溉比休耕技術更為(wei) 集約，能帶來更多剩餘(yu) 產(chan) 品並養(yang) 活更多人口，還可能使用了作物輪作和肥料來提高產(chan) 量。靠近天然泉水的土地可由泉水永久灌溉，墨西哥盆地南部泉水眾(zhong) 多，集中了大量灌溉農(nong) 業(ye) 係統，這些係統能在雨季來臨(lin) 前獲取水源，使作物能提前種植並在霜凍季節前成熟，生產(chan) 可靠性較高。

第二段：灌溉農(nong) 業(ye) 最集約的形式是奇南帕田。奇南帕田是從(cong) 淡水湖淺床開墾出的高產(chan) 土地，呈長矩形，寬 2 到 4 米，長 20 到 40 米，高出水麵約 1 米，雖被誤稱為(wei) “浮動花園”，但在霍奇米爾科及周邊城市仍在耕種且是熱門旅遊景點。奇南帕田通過在湖泊淺水區交替堆積植被和泥土建造，起初用木樁固定，後來種植在角落和邊緣的柳樹根係使其穩固。整個(ge) 地塊是持續耕種的深厚腐殖質基礎，四周有運河和步道，從(cong) 相鄰運河取水灌溉。盡管土壤能不斷得到養(yang) 分補充，但可能還使用了其他肥料、作物輪作和多種作物種植來提高產(chan) 量。

第三段：奇南帕田種植多種作物，包括玉米、豆類、辣椒、莧菜、番茄和花卉。有充分跡象表明，當時的奇南帕田農(nong) 民像如今一樣，先在小苗床播種，待種子發芽後再移植到整個(ge) 奇南帕田，玉米可能是唯一無需此階段的作物。苗床技術能確保更高回報，因為(wei) 隻有發芽的植物才被移植，還使耕種者能在作物種植上有一定重疊，即一種作物即將收獲時，另一種作物可在苗床發芽，減少了種植間隔。如今和 16 世紀時，每年任何一塊奇南帕田都可能種植 7 種不同作物。

第四段：奇南帕田係統的集約性、可靠性和多樣性固然重要，但必須結合其供養(yang) 的人口來考量。通過對 16 世紀文獻的廣泛研究，愛德華・卡爾內(nei) 克得出結論：較大的奇南帕田持有量通常隻能提供家庭生存收入的不超過 15%，很多情況下實際貢獻估計不到家庭需求的 1%，小地塊的奇南帕田甚至難以理解為(wei) 何還被保留。

卡爾內(nei) 克認為(wei) 其價(jia) 值更多在於(yu) 專(zhuan) 門生產(chan) 新鮮蔬菜而非總體(ti) 產(chan) 量，花卉也是城市奇南帕田可生產(chan) 的重要易腐產(chan) 品，宗教節日和政治宴會(hui) 常離不開大量芳香花卉。在這些地區，家庭可能通過市場上交換特色產(chan) 品或國家分配來滿足生存需求。在人口密集的城市地區之外，奇南帕田地塊通常較大，居住家庭較小，這樣的家庭不僅(jin) 能依靠自己的奇南帕田生產(chan) 自給自足，還能產(chan) 出大量剩餘(yu) 產(chan) 品，這尤其適用於(yu) 墨西哥盆地南部湖岸，如霍奇米爾科和查爾科周圍，那裏奇南帕田數量最多。

R 3

The Greek Revival

第一段：約公元前 1100 年邁錫尼希臘文明崩潰後，希臘經曆了約三個(ge) 世紀鮮為(wei) 人知的黑暗時代。公元前 776 年（首屆奧運會(hui) 冠軍(jun) 首次被記錄的年份）標誌著希臘曆史新時期 —— 古風時代（持續到公元前 500 年）的開始，帶來了文化、經濟和政治的複興(xing) 。黑暗時代人口增長使希臘本土土地無法產(chan) 出足夠農(nong) 產(chan) 品，於(yu) 是進口食物，促進了希臘商業(ye) 和貿易商品生產(chan) 的擴張，這導致希臘與(yu) 腓尼基人產(chan) 生直接衝(chong) 突，希臘人憑借靈活的戰艦從(cong) 腓尼基人手中奪取了重要貿易路線的控製權。

第二段：解決(jue) 人口過剩問題的另一個(ge) 辦法是海外尋找新農(nong) 田。在約公元前 750 年至 550 年的殖民浪潮中，希臘城市在黑海、亞(ya) 得裏亞(ya) 海、地中海沿岸（北非、法國、西班牙等地）建立殖民地，且多占據沿海地區。例如科林斯在西西裏建立了錫拉庫薩城，大量移民進入南意大利和西西裏西部（即 “大希臘”）。殖民地與(yu) 母城文化、社會(hui) 結構和政府相同，雖有情感聯係但完全獨立。由於(yu) 殖民者多為(wei) 男性，他們(men) 與(yu) 當地居民混居，傳(chuan) 播了希臘文化，使其在地中海地區乃至中歐和南俄得以擴散。

第三段：希臘貿易的複興(xing) 也將近東(dong) 文化引入希臘。希臘人從(cong) 腓尼基人處借用字母以滿足記錄需求，從(cong) 呂底亞(ya) 人那裏學會(hui) 了鑄幣，科林斯和雅典的銀幣成為(wei) 地中海世界的標準貨幣。同時希臘人吸收了藝術理念，黑暗時代簡單的幾何圖案讓位於(yu) 東(dong) 方影響，希臘雕塑有了埃及風格，陶器描繪了許多東(dong) 方圖案，但希臘人總是根據自己的喜好對所借鑒的東(dong) 西進行修改，如在硬幣兩(liang) 麵設計圖案、將腓尼基字母的一些輔音變為(wei) 元音，且陶工和雕塑家很快采用了自己的神話傳(chuan) 說作為(wei) 設計元素。

第四段：希臘陶器是重要的貿易商品。一些陶器用於(yu) 儀(yi) 式（如作為(wei) 墓碑的大甕），但多數是實用的，如用來儲(chu) 存食物的雙耳細頸瓶以及各種餐具。希臘陶工成為(wei) 公認的製陶大師，所有希臘城市都生產(chan) 本地用陶器，重要貿易城市的陶器在古代世界備受珍視。公元前 6 世紀，科林斯以淺色背景上的黑色圖案陶器聞名，到公元前 500 年，雅典的黑底紅像陶器成為(wei) 流行風格。

第五段：在古風時代，希臘人開始建造石頭神廟，這些神廟既是公民自豪感的象征，也是為(wei) 了紀念主要神靈。神廟通常為(wei) 簡單的矩形，由外部石柱支撐瓦頂，這種建築風格最終也在地中海地區傳(chuan) 播開來。

R4

Early Production of Paper in Europe

R5

The Declineof the Arctic Fox in Scandinavia

R6

The Rise of the Maya

R7

Early domestication and Agriculture

R8

Economic Reasoning

聽力

C 1

校園裏，一名學生問保安自己的的車是不是被拖走了。緊接著，她解釋道，自己把車停在了宿舍樓前的停車場，還買(mai) 了停車許可證呢。可沒注意到許可證午夜就過期了。”

保安聽後，向她說明停車許可證沒有夜間停車的權限，所以她的車極有可能已經被拖走了。她可以去離校園兩(liang) 條街遠的地方取車，取車的時候得帶上車輛的基本信息，像車牌號之類的。

學生想去學校植物園自習(xi) ，教授給她解釋植物園之間的區別。

L 1

海洋學

教授詳細闡釋了海洋保護區的設立情況，以及其在保護海洋資源與(yu) 棲息地方麵所發揮的關(guan) 鍵作用，尤其是對魚類生存繁衍和珊瑚礁生態穩定的重要影響。MPA 的選址與(yu) 規模大小，很大程度上取決(jue) 於(yu) 魚類種群的分布擴散模式。

魚類的擴散模式大致可分為(wei) 封閉型和開放型兩(liang) 類。封閉型魚群從(cong) 出生起，終其一生都棲息在最初誕生的珊瑚礁區域；而開放型魚群則會(hui) 在生長過程中遷徙至其他珊瑚礁地帶。基於(yu) 此特性，對於(yu) 封閉型種群，設立一個(ge) 能覆蓋單一珊瑚礁的 MPA 便足以實現有效保護；但對於(yu) 開放型種群而言，由於(yu) 其活動範圍廣泛，就需要多個(ge) 保護區協同作用。

在過去，研究者主要借助海洋模擬的手段，來預測魚卵和幼魚的擴散路徑。然而，這種傳(chuan) 統方法存在一定局限性，它默認幼魚在整個(ge) 擴散過程中完全被動地隨水流漂移，卻忽視了幼魚自身具備主動遊動的能力這一重要因素。

隨著研究技術的不斷進步，諸如 DNA 測試等新方法應運而生。這些新方法揭示出，眾(zhong) 多魚種，特別是像小醜(chou) 魚這類小型魚類，大多屬於(yu) 封閉型種群。小醜(chou) 魚幼魚階段持續時間較短，且遊動時貼近海底，水流難以將其遠距離攜帶，所以，對它們(men) 棲息地的保護工作相對而言更為(wei) 簡易。這些新發現為(wei) 更精準地劃定 MPA 的範圍提供了有力依據，助力提升海洋保護工作的科學性與(yu) 有效性。

生物學

探討了蚊子的行為(wei) 。教授指出，盡管許多人認為(wei) 蚊子的主要食物是血液，但實際上，它們(men) 的主要能量來源是植物糖分。蚊子通過吸食花蜜和植物汁液獲取飛行所需的能量，而隻有雌性蚊子才需要吸血，以獲取卵子發育所需的蛋白質。某些蚊種即便不吸血也能產(chan) 卵，但吸血後能產(chan) 下更多卵子。

教授進一步解釋，雌性蚊子會(hui) 從(cong) 血液中提取氨基酸，用於(yu) 合成卵黃蛋白，而雄性蚊子則完全依賴植物糖分獲取營養(yang) ，並不需要血液。為(wei) 了尋找血源，雌性蚊子能夠感知二氧化碳、熱量和體(ti) 味，甚至在50米外就能嗅到目標。一旦鎖定合適的宿主，蚊子便會(hui) 開始吸血。它們(men) 的唾液中含有抗凝血物質和麻醉成分，使吸血過程不易被宿主察覺。

最後，教授補充道，盡管雌性蚊子吸血以繁殖後代，但它們(men) 仍然依賴植物糖分提供持續的能量。因此，蚊子的消化係統能夠儲(chu) 存糖分，使其在吸血後依然保持能量供應，以便在下一次吸血機會(hui) 到來之前維持生存和活動。

L 2

藝術學

教授對 “外光派” 繪畫運動展開了介紹。外光派，區別於(yu) 傳(chuan) 統在室內(nei) 畫室創作的方式，倡導藝術家直接在戶外進行繪畫。

這一繪畫運動最早於(yu) 17 世紀在羅馬萌芽，不過，直至 19 世紀，才在歐洲與(yu) 美國廣泛流行開來。外光派畫家們(men) 將精準描繪自然光線、氛圍以及天氣的動態變化視為(wei) 創作追求。

19 世紀，兩(liang) 項重要發明極大地推動了外光派的發展，它們(men) 分別是便攜的 “法式畫架” 以及錫製顏料管。有了這些工具，畫家們(men) 在戶外創作時，不僅(jin) 能夠便捷地安置畫架，還能輕鬆攜帶顏料，為(wei) 戶外作畫提供了前所未有的便利條件。

法國印象派畫家深受外光派的啟發，像莫奈，他尤為(wei) 鍾情戶外作畫，甚至宣稱 “自然是他的畫室”。莫奈常常會(hui) 在不同的時間點對同一場景進行繪畫，目的是捕捉在各異光線下場景所呈現出的獨特效果。他的這一創作方法，進一步擴大了外光派的影響力，讓更多人了解並關(guan) 注到這種繪畫方式。

教授鼓勵學生們(men) 親(qin) 身到戶外去嚐試外光派繪畫。在實踐過程中，要仔細觀察自然光線對場景所產(chan) 生的影響。由於(yu) 戶外光線變化迅速，教授特別強調作畫速度的重要性，需快速捕捉光影瞬間。同時，盡管要盡可能準確地描繪眼前所見場景，但也可根據創作意圖，有選擇地省略那些無關(guan) 緊要的元素，以此突出畫作的核心主題 。

C 2

學生前往辦公室，與(yu) 老師探討論文相關(guan) 事宜。老師告知學生，自己即將參加一個(ge) 重要會(hui) 議。學生聽聞，不禁疑惑地問道：“老師，您該不會(hui) 是想讓我在這個(ge) 會(hui) 議上做論文展示吧？” 老師與(yu) 學生交流了許久，隨後澄清道：“並非如此。我是希望你能協助我做些事情。這個(ge) 會(hui) 議匯聚了眾(zhong) 多學術領域的高端人士，若能借此機會(hui) 結識他們(men) ，將對我的學術發展大有裨益。

師生討論。

學生選擇了“嬰兒(er) 語言指導”作為(wei) 她presentation的主題，想講解嬰兒(er) 對較高音調（pitch）和較慢語速的語言反應，說明這種語言方式不僅(jin) 有助於(yu) 嬰兒(er) 語言習(xi) 得，還能增強嬰兒(er) 與(yu) 照顧者之間的情感聯係。學生在研究過程中發現了一項關(guan) 於(yu) “狗狗語言指導”的研究，想將其加入演講中並通過自己家的小狗進行實驗。教授建議，演講應聚焦於(yu) 嬰兒(er) 的語言指導，而非動物。學生與(yu) 教授溝通後，決(jue) 定調整思路，探討語言的內(nei) 容與(yu) 音調這兩(liang) 個(ge) 變量對嬰兒(er) 反應的影響，教授認為(wei) 這是一個(ge) 很有前景的研究方向。

L 3

考古學

人們(men) 通常認為(wei) 最早的文明始於(yu) 中東(dong) 肥沃半彎南部的Akkadian文明，而Hurrian是個(ge) 被Akkadian控製的次要文明。但隨著對Hurrian首都挖掘與(yu) 研究，考古學家推翻了這個(ge) 想法。Urkash出土了一個(ge) 粘土印章，上麵刻著Hurrian國王的名字和“Urkash之王”的稱號，證實了Urkash的存在。隨國王印章出土的還有很多王後的印章，證明王後的權力很大。同時，王後是個(ge) Akkadian名字，這也說明Hurrain是個(ge) 與(yu) Akkadian齊名的大國，而非受製於(yu) 人的小國。

在Hurrian滅亡後，首都Urkash的宗教中心在一千年後依然保存完好，這表明後來的文明深受Hurrian宗教習(xi) 俗的影響。

口語

TASK 1獨立口語題

Task 1:（套一）

Given the choice, many people would prefer to live in an older or more historic building or house. Others would prefer to live in a more modern building or house. Which would you prefer, and why?

Task 2:（套二）

In order to be successful, some prefer to take risks while others prefer to keep cautious and careful. Which one do you think is the better way to succeed?

Task 3:（套三）

Some people think children should wear uniforms to school. Others believe uniforms should not be required. Which point of view do you agree with? Support

TASK 2校園題

Task 2:（套一）

In the reading,it is suggested that the school should allow students to rent bikes for the whole semester. Currently, students can only rent bikes for 24 hours and have to return them to the gym. There are two reasons. First, it can save timeas students don't need to return the bikes to the gym every day. Second, students will take better care of the bikes, and they can send the bikes to the gym for free maintenance.

The man in the conversation agrees with this suggestion. He has an early class in the morning and the gym is far from his dormitory. If he can ride a bike directly to class, it will be much more convenient and he can sleep a little longer.In fact, at the beginning of this semester, he got the bike in the morning and rode it to class. It was indeed faster.

Besides, he thinks the maintenance method is feasiblebecause many students don't know how to repair bikes by themselves, and regular check - ups are also good for the bikes.

套題2

In the reading, the student suggests that group study should be prohibited in the study loungeand students should go to the library instead. There are two reasons. One is to keep the quiet environment, and the other is to ensure everyone can use the study lounge. The man in the conversation agrees with this suggestion.First, maintaining a quiet atmosphere is crucial.If group study is allowed in the study lounge, it will be messy and definitely affect students' study. When students are trying to concentrate on their own work, the noise from group discussions can be a huge distraction.

Also, it's about the fair use of resources. The space in the study lounge is limited. If group study is permitted, it's likely that one group may take up a large part of the space, leaving insufficient room for individual students. On the contrary, the library is more suitable for group study as it usually has enough tables and chairs to accommodate groups without causing such problems.

套題3

In the reading, the student proposes thatthe school should add shuttle buses directly to nearby cities to facilitate students' trips home during vacationsbecause this would be convenientand specific schedules could be arranged. The student in the conversation doesn't fully agree. On one hand, adding these shuttle buses would greatly improve students' travel convenience.

During vacations, students currently have to transfer between different means of transportation multiple times, which consumes a great deal of time and energy. With the addition of direct shuttle buses, students would reduce the hassle of traveling and be able to get home much faster.

On the other hand, the studentdoesn’t support the time - arrangement aspect because it would lack flexibility.Some students may finish their exams ahead of schedule, and some may want to return to school earlier. A fixed - schedule shuttle bus would not be able to meet the diverse needs of these students, thus lacking the flexibility they require.

TASK 3學術講座題

套題1

In the reading, “Active Evolution” means that living things change to fit their environment or get an edge in surviving.A group of organisms can change the way their genes are distributed in the group. They do this by doing things on purpose or by changing how their bodies work. This change in the genes helps them evolve.In the listening, the professor gives an example of a plant in lawns.There is a kind of plant that grows in lawns. About 100 years ago, lawnmowers became popular in the United States. Since this plant had long stems, it was often cut off by lawnmowers. As a result, within just 100 years, this plant evolved a coping strategy. Instead of growing vertically upwards, it started to grow horizontally. In this way, it was less likely to be cut by lawnmowers. So, this kind of grass has achieved evolution to adapt to the new external environment through active evolution.

套題2

TheOversimplified Cause Fallacyoccurs when analyzing the causes of a phenomenon or event by attributing it to a single factor in an overly simplistic manner, while neglecting other potentially significant or even critical contributing factors.

For instance, someone might claim that a rise in a city’s crime rate is solely due to reduced police patrols. However, in reality, increased crime could result from multiple interconnected factors. Beyond fewer patrols, it might involve economic downturns leading to higher unemployment (which drives some to crime out of desperation), declining educational attainment in communities (contributing to skewed values among certain groups), or the spread of violent media content influencing behavior. Focusing exclusively on police patrols exemplifies this fallacy.

Another example is attributing a company’s declining performance purely to high product pricing. Yet, the downturn might stem from a combination of issues like deteriorating product quality, intensified market competition, flawed marketing strategies, or inadequate after-sales service. Blaming only the product’s price oversimplifies the cause.By ignoring complex, multifaceted influences, this fallacy undermines accurate analysis and problem-solving.

套題3

The concept of specialization mentioned in the reading means that some animals don't need to compete with others for food because they've developed special skills. This adaptation is highly beneficial for their survival, allowing them to thrive in their respective habitats. In the listening, the professor takes the koala as an example to illustrate specialization. Koalas have a unique diet, feeding almost exclusively on eucalyptus leaves. Eucalyptus contains toxins that make the leaves poisonous to most other animals, making them inedible. Consequently, no other animals compete with koalas for this foodsource. Koalas don't get poisoned because they've evolved a specialized digestive system over time. Their digestive system is uniquely designed to break down and process these toxic leaves efficiently. In this case, specialization gives koalas a distinct advantage by eliminating competition in food acquisition, thus ensuring the stability of their food supply. This stable food source, in turn, contributes to the overall well - being and survival of the koala population in the wild.

TASK 4 學術講座題

套題1

The professor discusses two different types of suspense in movies that are used to capture viewers' attention.The first type is leaving suspense at the end. For instance, in a movie, two characters are looking for gold. At different times, one might take the lead, only to fall behind in the next moment. They also obtain new clues from time to time. The reason the audience keeps watching is out of curiosesity to find out who will be the first to discover the gold in the grand finale. This uncertainty about the ending creates a strong pull, making the viewers anticipate the final result. The second type is creating suspense during the process. In this case, the audience can more or less guess the ending, but they are unsure about the entire process that leads to it. As a result, they feel compelled to watch the movie to learn how things unfold. Consider a romantic - comedy as an example. The viewers are fairly certain that the two main characters will end up falling in love. However, they are intrigued to know the details of how this love blossoms. Will they have a chance encounter as they pass each other on the street? Or will they meet while having a meal at the same restaurant? These uncertainties about the process create suspense, enticing the audience to follow the story to uncover the full sequence of events.

套題2

In tropical areas, mountain plants possess two distinct features. The first feature is the leathery texture of their leaves.These leathery leaves are relatively hard and thick, with a waxy layer on the surface. This characteristic effectively reduces water loss. In the mountainous environment of tropical areas, where the wind can be strong, the waxy and thick - textured leaves also help the plants resist mechanical damage from the strong winds. The second feature is that these plants are compact in shape and have numerous branches. The compact plant form can decrease the force exerted by strong winds on the whole plant, thus reducing the risk of being blown over. A large number of branches increase the area for photosynthesis. This is beneficial for the plants to accumulate nutrients, which is essential for maintaining their growth and survival in such an environment.

套題3

Work Incentives refer to a series of reward measures established by enterprises or organizations to motivate employees, improve work efficiency, and enhance performance. Some stores don't pay employees based on working hours but use an incentive - based salary system, which means they pay according to employees' performance. However, according to the professor, this system brings two problems. First, it's difficult to correctly determine who should be rewarded.Take the employees in a computer store for example. One employee spends a lot of time and effort introducing products to a customer. But the customer doesn't make a purchase on the same day. The next day, another employee receives the customer and finalizes the sale. Eventually, the employee who helps with the checkout gets the reward, while the one who originally put in the effort to introduce the products doesn't. Second, it leads to competition among employees and makes them reluctant to help each other. For instance, experienced sales employees, in order to maintain their excellent performance and obtain high rewards, are unwilling to share their skills and experience. As a result, other employees have no way to learn how to sell products effectively.

寫(xie) 作

綜合寫(xie) 作

The writer believesthat the most typical feature of marsupials like kangaroos is a patch of skin on their abdomen to protect their newborn babies. Some scientists believe that these marsupials are more primitive and less adaptable to new environments than those with placenta.However, the professor’s lecture casts doubt on the reading.

To begin with, bagged animals are often born in the later stages of development, while placental animals are born only after they have grown up. Therefore, the offspring of marsupials often develop poorly and are not fully developed, resulting in poor immune function. Correspondingly, it is more likely to die prematurely. The professor in the lecture challenges the opinion, for the reason that little kangaroos live in their mother's womb for a very long time. It can grow in a protected environment. And you can also drink your mother's milk, which can absorb the antibodies in your mother's body to resist infection. Furthermore, it increased the immunity of the kangaroo itself

In addition,the temperature changes of marsupials are often greater than those of placental animals, which is actually more dangerous. This indicates that marsupials cannot control their body temperature well, and therefore cannot guarantee their optimal survival state. However, the professor maintains an opposite opinion thatmarsupials can also control their body temperature, for example, some small kangaroos intentionally lower their body temperature to save energy. This way, they don't need to consume so much food, so they can control their body temperature well, which helps them survive.

In the end, the writer holds the viewthatwhen there is competition between marsupials and placental animals in South America, it is evident that marsupials often have limited adaptability. However, animals only dominate in Australia because placental animals only entered Australia in recent centuries. Whereas, the professor in the lecture believes, on the contrary of reading,mammals arrived in Australia a long time ago and lived there millions of years ago. So marsupials and placental animals have been competing for a long time. In this case, marsupials still dominate, indicating that marsupials have strong adaptability.

學術討論

Your professor is teaching a class . Write a post responding to the professor's question.In your response, you should do the following.

Express and support your opinion.

Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.

An effective response will contain at least 100 words.

Dr. Achebe

This week, we will be discussing space exploration.Some people think that it is a waste of money for governments to fund space exploration. Others disagree with this view, arguing that space exploration is a valuable and necessary investment for our future. They think that it is worthy for governments to fund space exploration. l want to know what you think about this topic. Do you think that governments should fund space exploration?Why or why not?

Kelly:

I don't think that governments should fund space exploration,because it will be too costly to build spaceships and develop related technologies. Though space exploration tech costs billions, it doesn't offer direct benefits to most people, which makes its funding a controversial issue.

Andrew：

Personally, I do think that all the costs will be worth it. The potential scientific discoveries and technological advancements could have far-reaching impacts that justify the initial investment. Imagine the new inventions that might come from this exploration. Such technology could greatly improve our everyday lives.