閱讀類的測試考察的到底是什麽能力？

首先要清楚一個(ge) 問題：閱讀類的測試考察的到底是什麽(me) 能力？

一個(ge) 最為(wei) 簡單的回答，當然考察的是閱讀能力。

那麽(me) 什麽(me) 是閱讀能力？

就是信息獲取的能力。而至少在這個(ge) 時代，普遍的共識是一個(ge) 人能獲得的信息獲取量決(jue) 定著一個(ge) 人的價(jia) 值創造能力。當然坦白講“一個(ge) 人能獲得的信息獲取量” 不僅(jin) 僅(jin) 是由閱讀能力決(jue) 定的，還很大程度上取決(jue) 於(yu) 這個(ge) 人的社會(hui) 資源。所以學校在申請的時候會(hui) 要求提交的一些除成績以外的材料，基本用來衡量的就是一個(ge) 人的社會(hui) 資源（最直觀的就是推薦信或各種活動）。

當人類社會(hui) 的曆史讓我們(men) 發現單靠社會(hui) 資源選拔（比如比較極端的就是“世襲”）對於(yu) 社會(hui) 的整體(ti) 進步是不好的，所以有了靠能力選拔（這種能力選拔當然還是有不完美的地方，但比世襲還是進步了）。

有點說遠了，不管怎樣，就是選拔性的考試裏麵，不管是用什麽(me) 語言測試的，都有了閱讀這麽(me) 一個(ge) 考察人信息獲取能力的測試。

那麽(me) 怎麽(me) 去測試一個(ge) 人的信息獲取能力呢？

就是一個(ge) 限定時間裏，給你一篇文字，看你能不能讀懂。

為(wei) 了公平，當然這個(ge) “讀懂”肯定是要能客觀衡量的，所以閱讀篇章後麵加的一般都是客觀題。而對於(yu) 考生來說這種設置給我們(men) 的啟示是，所以題目答案，不管是宏觀的還是細節的，不管是結構的還是態度的，都是一定來自於(yu) 文章的，千萬(wan) 不要有“一千個(ge) 人有一千個(ge) 哈姆雷特”的想法。

但是在有限的時間內(nei) ，如何從(cong) 文本裏麵高效的獲得信息呢？

最重要的一步是要做“信息歸納”，就是要知道讀到的句子，哪些是新信息（前文沒有提到過的），哪些是舊信息（全文出現過的）。如果是舊信息就和之前的歸納到一起就好，如果是新信息，當然需要特別的留意下。這個(ge) 過程是我們(men) 自己閱讀時候在做“信息歸納”。

但也有時候是文本在幫我們(men) 做“信息歸納”。 這就回到了標題說的“這些詞後麵的內(nei) 容一定要讀懂”，因為(wei) “這些詞” 出來，說明作者要幫我們(men) 做信息歸納了，那對於(yu) 我們(men) 高效讀懂文本是很有幫助的。

比如這個(ge) 文本 [例子來自於(yu) SAT/GRE 考場題]

The continued viability of the kiva itself in Spanish mission settlements has also been underestimated by historians. Freestanding kivas discovered in the ruins of European-style missionary communities have been explained by some historians as examples of “superposition”. Under this theory, Christian domination over indigenous faiths is dramatized by surrounding the kiva with Christian buildings. However, as James Ivey points out, such superposition was unlikely, since historical records indicate that most Spanish missionaries, arriving in the Southwest with little or no military support, wisely adopted a somewhat conciliatory attitude toward the use of the kiva at least initially. This fact, and the careful, solitary placement of the kiva in the center of the mission-complex courtyards, suggests an intention to highlight the importance of the kiva rather than to diminish it.

To determine whether nest sites were limiting, Wong and colleagues experimentally removed the existing nest site used by breeding pairs within the coral. In all cases of removal, the pair simply picked another branch and laid their eggs, which suggests that nest sites were not limiting.

The high proportion of ground foragers in Dryandra might be explained by the openness of habitats there, that is, the absence of dense ground vegetation, and the lack of a continuous shrub layer. Ground foraging appears to be facilitated by an open habitat with area of bare ground. However, the researchers found that the Tablelands were also open with sparse to dense litter layers, abundant in woody debris, and had discontinuous or absent ground and shrub layers. Thus, differences in habitat structures between these areas and Dryandra cannot entirely explain the greater abundance of ground foragers in Dryandra. 

Online reviews can play a big role in influencing people’s purchase decisions, but what makes a review most persuasive one way or the other? Certainly bad reviews can dissuade customers, but it turns out that some good reviews can too. Our research on persuasion and marketing is the first to find that a moderately positive review can be more persuasive than an extremely positive review. We found that a moderately positive review is even more persuasive when the default review selection is extremely positive. This is because reviews that deviate from a default review selection are perceived to be more thoughtful—and thus more accurate—than reviews that conform to the default.

類似的詞還有 conclude/ result/ show/ demonstrate, 以及因果表達裏麵表示結果的therefore, thus 等詞

基於(yu) 以上詞匯在閱讀時候給我們(men) 帶來的幫助，遇到的時候可以習(xi) 慣性的圈圈畫畫下（特別是那些紙質的測試）。