WSDA辯論賽技巧：Constructive Speech立論發言應該怎麽寫？

Hello大家好，有句老話講得妙，“Cases寫(xie) 得好，辯論沒煩惱。”

- “辯論還需要提前寫(xie) 好稿子？”

- “對的！你看到的每一場辯論裏辯手們(men) 的發揮，都是他們(men) 賽前辛苦準備的結果。”

特別是針對公共論壇式辯論這一形式，每一位想要取得一個(ge) 不錯的成績的選手，都會(hui) 在賽前準備好Constructive Speech（立論發言）。

老師也經常聽到有辯論新手問自己的辯論教練，甚至打了無數場的辯論大神也想知道，該如何去完善自己的辯論稿，做到無懈可擊~ //

那，如何寫(xie) 一篇優(you) 秀的辯論稿呢？

為(wei) 了滿足同學們(men) 的需求，老師特意分享給大家一篇如何寫(xie) 辯論稿的幹貨文章，相信大家看完之後肯定會(hui) 對如何寫(xie) 辯論稿有新的心得和領悟！?

首先，ConstructiveSpeech裏選手閱讀的稿子被稱為(wei) Cases。而Case是什麽(me) ？它具體(ti) 需要包含哪些內(nei) 容和在一場辯論中起到了哪些作用。

Case是一篇辯手自己準備的辯論稿，辯手應在立論發言中朗讀。

Cases的寫(xie) 作會(hui) 涉及到邏輯結構、研究和敘事的技能。

公共論壇辯論(Public Forum Debate)中立論發言(Constructive Speech)時間為(wei) 4分鍾，因此我們(men) 需要為(wei) 正方(Pro Side)和反方(Con Side)就每個(ge) 辯題（Resolution）寫(xie) 一篇4分鍾的演講。這4分鍾的演講就是你的Case：一篇精心研究的辯論稿和對你所持方的 "推銷"，以說服裁判(Judge) 你的團隊是更正確的，因此值得裁判手裏的這張選票（Ballot）。

每份Case通常將包括1-4個(ge) 論點 (Contentions)，每個(ge) 論點需要有足夠的證據(Evidences)來支撐。單一的論點可以更為(wei) 深入地關(guan) 注一個(ge) 關(guan) 鍵問題，而更多的論點則會(hui) 給辯手帶來更大的靈活性和廣泛性。這兩(liang) 種策略都經常被PF辯手們(men) 使用。

Case的存在是極為(wei) 重要的，它的主要目的如下：

1. 確立你在這一輪的進攻要點.
2. 辯手並不需要專注於回應你的對手--這將在反駁中發生。
3. 辯手需提出貫穿整個回合的核心論點，即你將用來建立你的進攻的論點。

The purpose of a case is always the same:

1. to establish your points of offense for the round.
2. In a case, you aren’t focused on responding to your opponent – this will happen in rebuttals.
3. Instead, the purpose is to make your core points that you’ll carry through the entire round, the points that you will use to establish your offense.

? 寫(xie) 辯論稿要做哪些前期準備？✚●○

01、正反雙方都需要準備

就拿WSDA來說，每一場辯論前都會(hui) 有一個(ge) 辯論主題，通常被稱為(wei) Resolution。

比如我們(men) 此賽季的辯題為(wei) Resolved: Exploration of space beyond the Earth's mesosphere is preferable to exploration of Earth's oceans. 地球中間層以外的空間探索比地球海洋探索更可取。

可能在看到這個(ge) 辯題時，你和你的搭檔已經有了一個(ge) 正反的立場。

但是，WSDA比賽獨特的地方在於(yu) ：在每場比賽開始前，會(hui) 有一個(ge) 拋硬幣的環節。雙方選手選擇硬幣正反麵，猜中的一方有權先行選擇比賽的發言順序或辯論立場。

02、請充分搜集辯題相關(guan) 材料

正因為(wei) 拋硬幣的隨機性，所以，賽前，你們(men) 要拋開偏見，花時間充分了解、準備辯題的所有方麵，這樣無論你抽到哪一方都能遊刃有餘(yu) 。

✦ 集思廣益。

把所有能想到的重要的論點都寫(xie) 下來。如果你有一個(ge) 辯論團隊，可以和其他成員一起進行頭腦風暴，討論各自想到的重要的論點，以便確定每個(ge) Speech中要涵蓋哪些問題。

✦ 花一些時間在圖書(shu) 館或互聯網上來搜集來源可靠的、強有力的論據。

可以看一些書(shu) 籍，學術期刊，正規的報紙等，但對互聯網上未經證實的的信息要非常謹慎。

✦ 你還需要準備好應對你的對手可能會(hui) 提出的論點。

準備你的框架時，還要不時去考慮一下你的對手會(hui) 回答什麽(me) 樣的論點。如果你忽視不去回應對方的最佳論點，這會(hui) 變相削弱你自己論點的說服力。

03、去把框架列出來

經過前期的資料搜集，你已經心裏麵已經有了一個(ge) 模糊的框架。

這時，不要猶豫，坐下來去把框架列出來。當你將思路落到筆端的時候，你的思路結構可能會(hui) 更清晰。

✦ 一個(ge) 基本的辯論大綱應該包含六個(ge) 部分：一個(ge) 能吸引人注意的點、你的立場（Pro或Con）/對辯題的重述、你的定義(yi) 、你的價(jia) 值、(批評判斷的)標準和論點。

✦ 你可以將這六個(ge) 部分的每一部分再拆分成小的子類別。

記得要重點關(guan) 注價(jia) 值和(批評判斷的)標準怎麽(me) 來支撐你的論點，最好是最後再寫(xie) 論點。

如何著手去寫(xie) 一篇辯論稿✚●○

01、寫(xie) 一篇引人入勝且有趣的引言

✦ 你應該通過正式的稱呼向裁判或聽眾(zhong) 發表講話。例如，“早上好，女士們(men) ，先生們(men) 。”辯論的語氣非常正式。

✦ 給裁判留下良好的第一印象非常重要。

寫(xie) 引言的一種技巧是將主題置於(yu) 真實語境中，特別是與(yu) 現實世界事件有關(guan) 聯的最吸引人。而好的印象，也會(hui) 讓裁判認為(wei) 這個(ge) 辯手具有說服力。

✦ 引言還可以聚焦於(yu) 有代表性的例子、引用典故或個(ge) 人軼事上，這些可以幫助你與(yu) 觀眾(zhong) 和裁判建立融洽關(guan) 係。

需要提醒注意的是：謹慎使用幽默，它有一定的風險。如果做得不恰當，可能導致尷尬的沉默。

02、清晰地概述你的立場

不要讓觀眾(zhong) 或裁判對你所持的立場感到困惑。你是正方還是反方？要清晰、簡潔、堅定地大聲說出來。

✦ 不要混淆你的立場。無論你是正方還是反方，都需要非常清楚地表明自己的立場。

✦ 要盡早並清晰地表明己方的觀點，不要讓觀眾(zhong) 等到最後才發現你的立場。

03、準備一些重要的論點來支持你的立場

如果你希望在辯論的開頭有力地強調你重要的論點，你可以快速舉(ju) 例，堆積論據來支持你的立場。

✦ 一個(ge) 好的做法就是用3-4個(ge) 有力的論點來支撐你的立場。

✦ 演講的主體(ti) : 重要的論點及他們(men) 的展開，應該是一場辯論中最長的部分。

04、對你的論點進行展開

每一個(ge) 論點都可以由三部分組成：

Claim（論點想要闡述的內(nei) 容是什麽(me) ）

Warrant （具體(ti) 的理由，邏輯和證據來支持此論點）

Impact （這個(ge) 論點可以帶來哪些影響）

我們(men) 通過這樣的結構，可以讓裁判很清晰地理解在辯論中的論點都是哪些，和用了什麽(me) 樣的邏輯支持，和帶來哪些影響，這樣的論點是很直接且條理清晰的。

在一場辯論中，讓裁判可以及時get到論點是極為(wei) 重要的。

如果你想證明你的論點是真實可靠的，你可以通過示例、統計數據和其他的論據來支持、充實論點。

✦ 關(guan) 注問題的起因、問題所帶來的影響、專(zhuan) 家的觀點、實例和統計數據，並提出解決(jue) 方案。

嚐試使用視覺圖像，而不僅(jin) 僅(jin) 是通用術語 ——展示給觀眾(zhong) 看不要直接告訴他們(men) 結論，並用細節舉(ju) 例說明你的論點。

✦ 用輕微的共鳴方式來激發觀眾(zhong) 的積極性和情感。呼籲他們(men) 的公平競爭(zheng) 意識、節省意識，幫助弱小的意識、關(guan) 心社區等。

✦ 嚐試使用一些修辭手法。

反問句，讓對手考慮他們(men) 觀點的有效性;

反語，可以削弱對手的論點，使你看起來更加成熟和聰明;

明喻，可以讓觀眾(zhong) 把論點與(yu) 實際事物聯係起來;

幽默，當你做得恰當的時候會(hui) 讓觀眾(zhong) 站在你這邊;

重複，加強你的論點。

05、了解說服的藝術

古代哲學家曾經研究過說服的藝術，了解他們(men) 的研究成果將有助於(yu) 你的辯論。

亞(ya) 裏士多德認為(wei) ，如果他們(men) 將標簽（通過推理說服）和感染力（具有情感共鳴的元素）和精神（基於(yu) 說話者性格的吸引力）結合在一起，說話者將更有說服力。

有兩(liang) 種方法可以使用邏輯：

1、歸納法。這使得案例具有可衡量的證據，如統計或特定的軼事或例子。

2、演繹法。通過概述與(yu) 特定主題相關(guan) 的一般原則來推斷結論它，比如：我反對所有的戰爭(zheng) ，除了那些涉及迫在眉睫的自衛的戰爭(zheng) ；但這不是一場自衛的戰爭(zheng) ，這就是為(wei) 什麽(me) 我反對的原因。

要謹慎使用感染力。通過推理來說服才應該是核心，但沒有任何情感共鳴的邏輯推理是幹燥和無聊的。

仔細考慮你想讓觀眾(zhong) 感受到的東(dong) 西。解釋一個(ge) 主題如何影響真實的人是一個(ge) 很好的使用感染力的方法。

如何總結你的辯論✚●○

01、寫(xie) 一個(ge) 有力的結論

在辯論賽的最後，你應該重申你對這個(ge) 主題的立場，以鞏固你的論點。最好是呼籲采取行動來總結你的意圖。

✦ 結束辯論的一個(ge) 有力方法是通過回顧引言並將結尾與(yu) 開頭聯係起來。

✦ 引用典故也是結束演講的好方法。你還可以簡要總結一下辯論的主要論點，以確保他們(men) 在裁判心目中保持新鮮感。

02、從(cong) 頭到尾都要注意自己的演講方式

一位優(you) 秀的演講者會(hui) 很注意自己的演講方式。

發言者要注意如何斷句停頓，並注意變換語氣（堅定，溫和等）。

切記：不要逐字讀你的辯論稿。

你可以在辯論稿上做一些標記（哪裏斷句停頓、哪裏是什麽(me) 語氣等），但它需要聽起來自然而不是排練了很多次。

使用清晰、響亮的聲音，注意說話的節奏。不能說得太大聲或太慢。

老師最後要提醒你的是：自信對增強自身說服力大有幫助。相信你們(men) 都棒棒噠！

最後的最後，老師給大家秋季賽比賽辯題，正反雙方的Sample Cases以供參考。  

這份正方的Case中，詳細論述了太空探索可以直接帶來的好處和優(you) 勢。隨著太空探索而來的科技發展；提高國家的形象；探索更多資源；和建立太空殖民地。

而反方的的Sample Case將論點聚焦在海洋探索可以為(wei) 社會(hui) ，經濟帶來哪些直接的優(you) 勢，對海洋探索的現實需求，和為(wei) 什麽(me) 太空探索在目前不被需要。

 Sample Pro CaseSpace Exploration

We affirm the resolution. Resolved: Exploration of space beyond the Earth's mesosphere is preferable to exploration of Earth's oceans.

Observation: The whole discussion should be predicated on the premise that every stakeholder in this debate has the financial, scientific, and technical capacity to carry out a space/ocean program because the topic framers want to make this debate tangible and instructional. It would be pointless to discuss stakeholders who do not now possess these capacities.

Definition: according to Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia（1）,  space exploration is defined as the investigation of physical conditions in space and on stars, planets, and other celestial bodies through the use of artificial satellites.

A cost-benefit analysis would be an ideal framework for today’s debate.

For my opponents to win this debate, they have to prove it. After taking into account both short-term and long-term, the net benefits of ocean exploration outweigh the corresponding figures of space by quantifiable impacts.

By contrast, if we can prove that space exploration generates a larger net benefit and that space exploration is the only possibility of prolonging the existence of life that originated from Earth by colonizing another planet when the Earth runs out of resources or becomes too polluted to sustain life.  Judge, you should feel more comfortable with voting for the Pro side.

Contention 1. Technology benefits

Space exploration spurs growth by generating spin-off technology.

The AirinSpace’s Plasmer bioprotection system, for instance is a three-stage system that uses strong electrical fields and cold-plasma chambers to eliminate micro-organisms in the air. It can be used to protect hospital patients, food, and pharmaceutical products.

This is true because overcoming the challenges of working in space has led to many technological and scientific advances that have provided benefits to society on Earth in areas including health and medicine, transportation, public safety, consumer goods, energy and environment, information technology, and industrial productivity, which further translate into increases in revenue, economic growth, employment, etc.

A: Health Impact - According to ESA, AirinSpace alone has now been used in more than 70 medical centers in France, as well as in some places in the USA, Japan, Germany, and Italy. AirinSpace currently has a 1.2bn EUR global annual sales market and a 50% yearly growth.[ESA Space spin-offs benefits for the health sector, International Space University, France]

B: Financial Impact - In 2012, 1600 new technologies were reported and 2200 tech transfer transactions were reported in NASA per spinoff can be translated into $1M gain annually, which equals in total a yearly profit of 200bn dollars. As the fiscal year budget of NASA is around 18 billion, it implies for every dollar earmarked for NASA, the government gets 11 dollars in return.[NASA Socio-economic Impact Report]（2）

Contention 2. National Images.

The free market always has its weaknesses and uncertainties, only authorized government-supported agencies have the ability to set a fixed global agenda, and maintain a country’s competitiveness in space.

While ocean exploration is generally an untouched area, space has become the center of global competition since the space race and has great strategic implications.

China launched （3）its second lunar rover in 2013, a sample return mission thereafter,India launched （4） its second lunar probe in 2013 and has announced plans to begin training its own astronauts and building the infrastructure for human spaceflight. These countries will demonstrate a constancy and reliability that NASA’s change, of course, will take away from the United States.

Contention 3. Resource Extraction

Resources on Earth are finite, and we WILL run out of them sooner or later. Here are two resources that are plentiful in the solar system yet difficult to get by on Earth. There are some extremely valuable resources that are near the Earth.

Sub-point a. energy resources.

Space exploration helps to locate unlimited energy resources

The world’s conventional energy was depleting and predicted to run out in the next 40-60 years. Space exploration advances our knowledge and helps us locate the ideal location and method to extract space energy. Space Solar Power gathers energy from sunlight in space and transmits it wirelessly to Earth. While earth-based solar power is affected by the day-night cycle and seasonal and weather fluctuation, space solar power can provide large quantities of energy to each and every person on Earth with very little environmental impact.

According to National Space Society in US（5）, the solar energy available in space is literally billions of times greater than we use today. The lifetime of the sun is an estimated 4-5 billion years, making space solar power a truly long-term energy solution. As Earth receives only one part in 2.3 billion of the Sun's output, space solar power is by far the largest potential energy source available, dwarfing all others combined.

According to the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) （6）in 2011, space-based solar technologies now in development in the lab will be ready for demonstration within the next decade or two and could be an economically viable alternative to commercial energy use in 30 years. In fact, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, is “going forward on their plan with a full system ready by 2030.

Because it does not need reliance on unreliable or unfriendly foreign oil providers to satisfy energy demands, space solar power will promote energy independence and increase security for the countries that develop it, allowing us to allocate resources in other ways.

Subpoint b. Helium - 3 (He3)

While Helium has two neutrons, Helium-3 has two protons and a neutron. While it is almost nonexistent on planet Earth, it is quite abundant in the solar system in not only the gas giants but also the Earth's moon, which is the most likely place for extraction.

Due to its rarity, it can go for as much as $2,000 USD (13,000RMB) in auctions. He3 is currently used for a variety of reasons, but the most promising use of He3 is in nuclear energy. Currently, uranium is used, which not ideal due to the radioactivity of uranium. On the other hand, He3 is not radioactive and is 20% more effective than coal and natural gas energy. Best of all, it burns clean, with the only byproduct being plain helium. The potential value of he3 could be in the TRILLIONS if it is implemented.

Contention 4.  Colonization

With huge advances in medicine and rapid industrialization of the Earth's nations, people are living longer, having healthier babies, and consuming more products and energy.

As a result, the Earth is becoming crowded and there is an increasing burden on the limited resources on Earth. As mentioned above, a moon base could lead to a full-scale mining operation of Helium-3 and other resources on the moon that is rare on Earth. With the recent discovery of water on Mars, it could be a possible place where we could relocate, along with Titan, a moon of Saturn which has an atmosphere and geography similar to Earth.

John Hickman（7）, in November 1999 claims that After several decades of experience with lunar and planetary exploration, it is reasonable to project that using robots in space will be more cost-effective than using people in space for the same tasks. The relative cost-effectiveness of using robots over humans in space is a function of the accelerating speed of machine computation, now commonly believed to double every 18 to 24 months, and the lower costs of protecting and maintaining machinery over living flesh in space.

Thus, we affirm.

Reference

1. https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Space+Exploration (Space Exploration | Article About Space Exploration by the Free Dictionary, n.d.)

2. https://brycetech.com/reports/report-documents/NASA_SEINSI_2013.pdf

3. S. (2013, December 14). China Lands On The Moon: Historic Robotic Lunar Landing Includes 1st Chinese Rover from https://www.space.com/23968-china-moon-rover-historic-lunar-landing.html

4. Foust, J. (2020, January 1). India confirms plans for second lunar lander mission - SpaceNews. SpaceNews, from https://spacenews.com/india-confirms-plans-for-second-lunar-lander-mission/

5. Space Solar Power Info: Limitless clean energy from space - National Space Society. (2017, August 11). National Space Society - Working to Create a Spacefaring Civilization, from https://space.nss.org/space-solar-power-info/

6. Beam It Down: A Drive to Launch Solar Power From Space. (2011, December 5). Environment, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/111205-solar-power-from-space

7. The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects by John Hickman, Ph.D. (n.d.). The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects by John Hickman, Ph.D., from https://jetpress.org/volume4/space.htm

Sample Con CaseOcean Exploration

We negate the resolution: Exploration of space beyond the Earth's mesosphere is preferable to exploration of Earth's oceans.

Framework: Cost-benefit analysis should be applied in today’s debate. Whichever team proves they have more benefits than harms overall to society, should win the debate.

Contention 1: Necessity

Exploration of oceans can bring many general benefits.

Sub Point A: Economy

According to OECD, ocean exploration can provide critical ecosystem services, the ocean is vital to the world’s economy, with more than 90% of trade using sea routes and as a source of jobs for millions of people.

The ocean is also the stage for a growing range of new ocean-related economic activities and constant innovations. Comparing to space exploration, space exploration can only boost a few jobs for highly specialized technicians in certain nations, and only people with the citizenship are able to have the job.

Moreover, the ocean economy is defined by the OECD as the sum of the economic activities of ocean-based industries, together with the assets, goods and services provided by marine ecosystems. These two pillars are interdependent, in that much activity associated with ocean-based industry is derived from marine ecosystems, while industrial activity often impacts marine ecosystems.

Also, based on OECD data, ocean exploration can providing critical ecosystem services, the ocean is vital to the world’s economy, with more than 90% of trade using sea routes and as a source of jobs for millions of people. The ocean is also the stage for a growing range of new ocean-related economic activities and constant innovations. Thus, ocean exploration enables humanity to have massive economic benefits.

Sub Point B: Society

According to national geographic society, Ocean currents, including the ocean conveyor belt, play a key role in determining how the ocean distributes heat energy throughout the planet, thereby regulating and stabilizing climate patterns.

UNSTAD also addressed the fact that ocean exploration enables almost all nations to gain economic benefits via sustainable tourism, sustainable marine sources, ocean food and livelihood.

Also, human life can be saved by ocean exploration by preventing common and preventable natural disasters. According to the office of ocean exploration and research under NOAA, ocean exploration can help people understand how we are affecting and being affected by changes in Earth's environment, including changes in weather and climate. Insights from ocean exploration can help us better understand and respond to earthquakes, tsunamis, and other hazards.

Contention 2: Realistic demand

Ocean exploration has a realistic demand, and the technology is sophisticated enough to sustain ocean exploration.

According to NOAA and Shenzhen Aquarobotman Science Technology, the human understanding of the deep sea is not as good as that of moon surface, or even Mars. As so far, more than 400 space explorers have been to space, 12 of whom walked on the moon, but only 3 deep sea explorers have dove into the bottom of the Mariana trench. Underwater ecosystem is a part of earth’s ecosystem, and it has a major influence on the earth’s ecosystem. The world economic forum reported that the incredible ocean biodiversity contributed a lot on preserving the ecosystem on earth, as well as the ocean ecosystem provide 50% of the O2 for the earth. It is very crucial to explore and protect it.

Our technology is sophisticated enough to sustain ocean exploration. NASA has been exploring oceans from space for many years. In 1978, NASA sent its first civilian oceanographic satellite into space. That means humanity can do ocean exploration, and many “space activities” are to explore the ocean instead of space. Moreover, examples given by NOAA, water column samplers and buoys are used by researchers and oceanographers to explore oceans, monitor their surface and quality of water. Other devices like remote-operated vehicles and sonar help them create ocean mapping and travel efficiently and safely deep within the oceans. Diving is another tool that is used to explore ocean waters.

Contention 3: Unnecessary space exploration

Significant achievements in space exploration didn’t bring benefits to society.

According to NASA, the most significant achievement in space exploration is Apollo 11, a Walk on the Moon. This achievement only generated a space race and conspiracy theories. BBC news also gave the top 10 most crucial events of space activities, which all related to astronauts surviving from short-term space travel.

We don’t deny it is possible to find new energy or resources, but the reality is the technology and cost associated will not make resource extraction from space viable in at best 50 years.

We prefer ocean exploration. Also, ocean exploration is less likely to be a monopoly because everyone on earth can access the ocean's resources. Compared to space regulation where the startup costs associated makes it so only the already wealthiest 1% of the 1% can afford to invest in space.

Thus, we negate.

Reference of the Sample Con Case

https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/backmatter/whatisexploration.html

https://aquarobotman.com/blogs/deep-ocean-exploration/benefits-deep-sea-exploration

https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/oceanography/deep-ocean-exploration.htm

https://www.oecd.org/ocean/topics/ocean-economy/

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ocean-currents

https://marinesanctuary.org/blog/why-we-need-to-explore-more-of-the-ocean/

https://science.howstuffworks.com/ten-nasa-achievements.htm

這就是我們(men) 今天的Pro Con Case和 Constructive Speech的全部內(nei) 容啦，希望可以帶給大家更多的思路和方向，我們(men) 下期再見?。