WSDA春季賽Sample Pro Case分享

Hello 大家好，

春季賽的號角已經吹響，距離第一場春季線上常規區域賽的時間已不足一個(ge) 月。

老師溫馨提醒哦～ 賽季初期競爭(zheng) 不會(hui) 過於(yu) 激烈哦，大家可以快快開始報名啦！

眾(zhong) 所周知，塑料汙染是一個(ge) 日益嚴(yan) 重的環境問題，世界各地的政府正在采取行動來解決(jue) 這個(ge) 問題。我們(men) 將討論這種禁令的潛在好處和弊端，包括它對環境、經濟和社會(hui) 的影響。

此外，我們(men) 還將研究該市在實施和執行該禁令時可能麵臨(lin) 的挑戰，以及克服這些挑戰的策略。

於(yu) 是乎，今天老師為(wei) 大家帶來的是新鮮出爐的關(guan) 於(yu) 禁止塑料的Sample Pro Case（正方參考辯論稿）。

這份Pro Case闡述，禁止所有的一次性塑料製品是利大於(yu) 弊的。Case裏強調，陸上廢物管理係統的管理不善是造成約80%的塑料廢物漏入海洋的原因，擴大廢物管理並不是可行的解決(jue) 方案。

01、第一個(ge) 論點闡明塑料禁令是有效的，並引用了非洲的例子，那裏與(yu) 塑料袋禁令相關(guan) 的重罰措施帶來了積極的結果，如減少了水道的阻塞，減少了漁民網中的袋子。

02、第二個(ge) 論點闡明，塑料汙染是影響漁業(ye) 和經濟的乘數。海洋環境中的微塑料可以傳(chuan) 播很遠的距離，造成海洋生物的纏繞，水生生物攝入塑料會(hui) 造成有害的環境影響。此外，塑料對海洋生態係統的經濟影響估計約為(wei) 130億(yi) 美元/年。

因此，這份Pro Case的結論是，禁止使用一次性塑料是解決(jue) 塑料汙染問題的最有效方法。

Sample cases are intended as an example for constructive writing. Use this as a rubric for the structure of a typical PF case. DO NOT use this as a guide for debate strategy, a representation of the meta, or (God forbid) a substitute for writing your own cases.

We affirm the resolution: Resolved: On balance, banning all single-use plastics is more beneficial than harmful

Observation:

According to Adam 2020 (Issahaku Adam, Tony R. Walker, Joana Carlos Bezerra, Andrea Clayton, Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa, Marine Policy, Volume 116, 2020, 103928, ISSN 0308-597X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928.)

Mis-managed land-based waste management systems account for about 80% of plastic waste leaking into oceans

With the majority of this mismanagement occurring in developing countries, expanding waste management is wishful thinking given budgetary restrictions. The only solution is to greatly limit demand for plastic.

Contention 1: Plastic Bans Work

The simple truth is that when a plastic ban is enacted with a heavy penalty for those that do not comply, the market will adjust away from plastic all along the supply chain from producer to retailer to consumers.

Case Study: Africa

According to Mann 2022 (Mann, Roberta F., Targeting Plastic Pollution with Taxes (May 15, 2022). Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2022, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4284169)

the African continent now leads the world in bag regulations, with 34 countries adopting taxes or bans. Extreme measures against plastic pollution appear to be effective. The heavy penalties associated with the plastic bag ban are a strong incentive for people to comply with the law. Since taking effect in 2017, positive results from the ban have been documented. For example, obstruction of waterways has decreased, and fishermen have fewer bags caught in their nets.

Link: Prefer our case studies

According to Rensburg 2020 (Melissa L. Van Rensburg, S'phumelele L. Nkomo, Timothy Dube, The ‘plastic waste era’; social perceptions towards single-use plastic consumption and impacts on the marine environment in Durban, South Africa, Applied Geography, Volume 114, 2020, 102132, ISSN 0143-6228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.102132.)

20 coastal countries are responsible for 83% of the land-based plastic which ends up in the ocean. However, 19 out of these 20 countries are developing countries in Asia, South America and Africa

With African nations being representative of states undergoing rapid growth, it is clear that our studies pertain to the bigger picture.

Contention 2: Plastic Pollution is an Impact

Contention  Multiplier

According to Xanthos 2017 (Xanthos, D., & Walker, T. R. (2017). International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118(1-2), 17–26. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.048)

Microplastics in the marine environment can travel vast distances floating in seawater, or sediment to the seabed Large plastic items, such as discarded fishing rope and nets, can cause entanglement of invertebrates, birds, mammals, and turtles Microbeads are commonly white or opaque in colour, and research has found microbeads to be commonly mistaken for plankton by many surface feeding fish species. Ingestion of plastics by aquatic organisms is one of the major deleterious environmental impacts in the marine environment Persistent organic pollutants sorbed onto microplastics can accumulate at concentrations several orders of magnitude higher than in ambient seawater A growing concern related to microplastics is that they can also enter the human food chain through ingestion of fish, shellfish and filter feeders causing potential human health

Impacts

The link between plastic and all facets of human society, means that all squo problems are multiplied if pollution is not dealt with NOW

Two layers of impact

A. Fishing

Science Daily 2021 (Science Daily, Jan. 19, 2021.  “Scientists to global policymakers: Treat fish as food to help solve world hunger,” https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/ 2021/01/210119122051.htm)

the number of malnourished people in the world will increase from 678 million in 2018 to 841 million in 2030 if current trends continue. Fish provide 17% of the animal protein consumed globally and are rich in micronutrients, essential fatty acids and protein essential for cognitive development and maternal and childhood health, especially for communities in developing countries where fish may be the only source of key nutrients.

B. Economy

Xanthos 2017 Again (Xanthos, D., & Walker, T. R. (2017). International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review. Marine Pollution

A conservative estimate of the overall economic impact of plastics to marine ecosystems is ~$13 billion US/year reported impacts of marine plastic debris on marine life include nearly 700 species, Of the hundreds of marine species impacted, 17% are IUCN red listed species and at least 10% have ingested plastics

Thus, We Affirm

通過這份正方參考辯論稿，WSDA希望能加深選手們(men) 對圍繞塑料汙染的複雜問題的理解，以及可以采取的各種方法來解決(jue) 它。   因此，讓我們(men) 潛心研究，探索禁塑的可能性！   祝大家春季賽比賽順利，萬(wan) 事勝意！