托福閱讀中的句子插入題目考察考生對句子之間關(guan) 係的理解能力。我們(men) 知道常見的一些句間關(guan) 係,例如因果、轉折和舉(ju) 例等邏輯詞,以及代詞指代關(guan) 係和概念重複都可能是解題思路。但同時,還有一些似是而非的解題原則可能會(hui) 導致在做題時先入為(wei) 主,排除正確選項後在錯誤選項中徘徊並最終選出一個(ge) 不太合適的錯誤答案。下麵是一些常見的誤區。
- 誤認為兩個轉折不能連用。之前有同學認為,如果插入句本身含有“but”或“however”,那麽這個插入句肯定不可能放在另一個轉折句的前後,否則會轉換得太快。但實際上,許多托福閱讀原文甚至是句子插入題本身就有兩個轉折連用的情況。這麽寫好不好另說,但也不是不行。例如下麵這個題目:Forests dominated by deciduous trees (trees with leaves that fall off at the end of the growing season) are found around the world.■But they were not always so widespread, and there are unanswered questions about their evolution.■The ancestors of deciduous trees can be traced back to the Cretaceous Period, 113-65 million years ago, when dinosaurs ruled the land and the continents occupied different positions from today.■At this time, extensive deciduous forests existed only at very high latitudes, near the north and south poles.■
However, we do know with some certainty when and where they originated.
轉折後麵說我們(men) 確實還是知道一些,既然是轉折,很可能前麵就是說不太清楚的。因此,插入句B前麵的“unanswered”恰好符合這個(ge) 條件。更妙的是,這句話本身的“when”與(yu) 後麵的時間、“where”與(yu) 最後一句的地點相對應。既能承上又能啟下,所以是最合適的答案。另外,B前麵確實有一個(ge) “but”轉折,這句話本身也是轉折,因此不應該因為(wei) 有兩(liang) 個(ge) 轉折連在一起就排除答案。
2. 第二個(ge) 迷思跟第一個(ge) 相關(guan) 。會(hui) 覺得轉折不能連用,是因為(wei) 想著既然都大張旗鼓轉折講個(ge) 新的事兒(er) ,不得展開展開,否則浪費了一個(ge) 好的點子。也就是說會(hui) 有人認為(wei) 一個(ge) 抽象的觀點後麵一定要展開說說。但或許是有的作者好點子太多沒辦法全部鋪陳,或許是ETS隻截取了部分文段,有的題呈現出來就是沒有展開。有展開固然好,不展開也不是不行。而且對於(yu) 某個(ge) 句子算不算對前麵信息作展開還取決(jue) 於(yu) 他們(men) 之間在概念上的關(guan) 聯。因此,像下麵這個(ge) 題目就需要仔細判斷。Cities, then, are warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds, but they can form almost any time.■The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors.■For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows.■When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 7℃warmer than the side streets.■Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving. The maximum differences in temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region. In general, the larger the city, the greater its heat-island intensity. The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout, population density, and productive activities of a metropolis.
Another possibility is for the heat island to be stretched along the course of major rivers, since large waterways typically have a warming effect on the air directly above them.
這題因為(wei) 是說另一種可能性,意味著前麵講了一種可能性。而且B前麵說several factors,for example顯然是在展開第一個(ge) ,所以答案在CD之間。但因為(wei) 我們(men) 所說的第二個(ge) 迷思,有同學覺得既然講了第一個(ge) 因素wind,而且很簡短,那得用C後麵那句話展開一下,所以就要放在D接著說another possibility。但問題是C後麵講的東(dong) 西首先跟wind沒有半毛錢關(guan) 係,其次C後麵講的是熱島形成之後的事了,所以不是對wind的展開。所以答案就是C。作者隻是簡單地列舉(ju) 了兩(liang) 個(ge) 影響熱島形成的原因而沒有具體(ti) 展開。後麵講的是熱島形成以後內(nei) 部的差異,D後麵也是在講之後的差異,所以D前後聯係很緊密,本身也可以被排除。
3. 第三個(ge) 迷思是有同學覺得原文有的地方邏輯不連貫,加一個(ge) 句子進去才會(hui) 通順,所以答案就放在那裏。其實就我搜過原文的插入題而言,有一部分本身就沒有那個(ge) 插入句在文中,它純粹是ETS自作聰明創作出來並要求我們(men) 加進去的,就假定是有原文的那些,摘出來的插入句一般也是跟前後重複的信息,不會(hui) 說缺了就出現多大的矛盾/斷裂。所以做題的時候不要想著隻看原文就能機靈地發現什麽(me) 漏洞。所謂的漏洞可能隻是作者的行文邏輯不同於(yu) 我們(men) 的習(xi) 慣而已。
4. 還有一個(ge) 迷思就是有同學會(hui) 覺得判斷答案一般看出了空格的本段就可以了。其實有的題雖然四個(ge) 格子都在一段話裏麵,但答案有可能會(hui) 是從(cong) 上一段最後一句話,或者下一段第一句話判斷出來的。比如下麵這個(ge) 題。One can turn the question around and ask why we see tool use at all in capuchin monkeys.■Like other primates, capuchins possess the necessary sensory and anatomical characteristics for using objects as tools.■They have a well-articulated hand with anatomical adaptations that favor the fine manipulation or precise positioning of objects, and they have sufficiently long limbs, postural control, and strength to generate considerable forces (when pounding, for example).■This, however, does not distinguish them from most other monkeys, especially those in Africa and Asia, although all other monkeys use tools less often than capuchins.■
Capuchins possess two behavioral characteristics that are less widely shared with other primates and that are particularly relevant to using objects as tools…
So, what makes capuchins different?
這題選D有兩(liang) 個(ge) 原因。首先是C前麵說了capuchin的一個(ge) 特征,然後說但是別的動物也有這個(ge) 特征,所以本質上還是算相似之處。放在D的話,so那種很不耐煩的感覺就來了:既然前麵說了一個(ge) 又不算區別,那到底有何不同?還有一個(ge) 原因是跟下一段開頭完美對應。插入句提問區別,下一段開頭呼應說有兩(liang) 個(ge) 特點是less widely shared也就是跟別人不一樣的地方。
總的來說,類似上麵提到的想法對解題弊大於(yu) 利。最好還是先根據承上或者啟下的原則去找邏輯和概念接得上的答案,一般來說這樣已經可以確定唯一選項了,如果還是不好區分的時候可以考慮把幾句話連起來讀一下,看哪種句間關(guan) 係更通順,在實際意思上跟關(guan) 聯更緊密。
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