中文賽題  E: 光汙染

背景

光汙染是指任何過度或不當使用人工光源的現象。我們(men) 所謂的光汙染現象包括光線侵擾、過度照明和光線雜亂(luan) 。這些現象最容易在太陽落山後，在大城市的天空中形成發光；然而它們(men) 也可能出現在更偏遠的地區。

光汙染改變了我們(men) 對夜空的觀察，對環境產(chan) 生影響，並影響我們(men) 的健康和安全。例如，植物的成熟可能會(hui) 延遲或加速，野生動物的遷徙模式也會(hui) 受到影響。過度的人工光線可能會(hui) 擾亂(luan) 我們(men) 的生物鍾，導致睡眠質量下降，可能引起身體(ti) 和心理健康問題。人工光源引起的眩光可能會(hui) 導致某些機動車事故。

社區官員或當地團體(ti) 可以采取幹預策略來緩解光汙染的負麵影響。然而，人工光線既有積極的影響，也有負麵的影響，對不同的地點產(chan) 生不同的影響。例如，為(wei) 了避免上述光汙染的負麵影響，一些社區選擇低光照度的社區，這反過來可能會(hui) 導致犯罪率增加。光汙染的影響可能取決(jue) 於(yu) 地區的發展水平、人口、生物多樣性、地理和氣候等因素。因此，評估影響的程度和任何幹預策略的潛在影響必須針對特定的地點進行量身定製。

要求

COMAP的照明控製任務（ICM）致力於(yu) 推動人們(men) 意識到光汙染的影響，並製定幹預策略以緩解這些影響。為(wei) 了支持ICM的工作，您的任務是解決(jue) 在各種地點測量和減輕光汙染影響的問題，包括人類和非人類的關(guan) 切。具體(ti) 而言，您需要：

• 開發一種廣泛適用的指標，以識別位置的光汙染風險水平。
• 應用您的指標並解釋其在以下四種不同類型地點的結果：
  • 受保護的土地位置，
  • 農村社區，
  • 郊區社區，和
  • 城市社區。
• 描述三種可能的幹預策略來應對光汙染。討論實施每種策略的具體行動和這些行動對光汙染影響的潛在影響。
• 選擇兩個您的位置，並使用您的指標確定每個位置最有效的幹預策略。討論所選幹預策略對位置風險水平的影響。
• 最後，為您所確定的一個位置及其最有效的幹預策略，製作一張1頁宣傳單，以推廣該位置的策略。

您的PDF方案總頁數不得超過25頁，包括：

• 一頁摘要。
• 目錄。
• 您的完整解決方案。
• 一頁宣傳單。
• 參考書目。

注意：ICM競賽限製總頁數為(wei) 25頁。您提交的所有內(nei) 容都計入25頁的限製（概要表、目錄、報告、一張1頁宣傳(chuan) 單、參考書(shu) 目和任何附錄）。您必須引用您報告中所使用的思想、圖片和其他材料的來源。

術語解釋

人工光：任何非自然發光源。

晝夜節律：人類和其他生物在其上運行的自然24小時的睡眠-清醒周期。

耀斑：過度的亮度會(hui) 降低人們(men) 的視覺能力。

幹預策略：可采取的政策和/或行動來破壞光汙染的負麵影響。

光汙染：包括光侵擾、過度照明和光雜亂(luan) 在內(nei) 的任何人工光的過度或不良使用現象。

光雜亂(luan) ：光源過於(yu) 密集。

光侵擾：當光線進入非預期的區域。

過度照明：比活動或位置所需的強度更高的照明。

保護地區：政府或私人機構為(wei) 保護生態、文化和/或自然重要性而保護的地區。

農(nong) 村社區：位於(yu) 國家或地區人口最稀少的地區之一，並且不易從(cong) 城市社區訪問的社區。

郊區社區：位於(yu) 國家或地區人口稀少程度中等的地區，或易於(yu) 從(cong) 城市社區訪問的社區。

城市社區：位於(yu) 國家或地區人口最稠密的地區之一的社區。

Problem E: Light Pollution

Background

Light pollution is used to describe any excessive or poor use of artificial light. Some of the phenomena that we refer to as light pollution include light trespass, over-illumination, and light clutter. These phenomena are most easily observed as a glow in the sky after the sun has set in large cities; however, they may also occur in more remote regions.

Light pollution alters our view of the night sky, has environmental impacts and affects our health and safety. For example, plant maturation may be delayed or accelerated, and migration patterns of wildlife affected. Excessive artificial light may confuse our circadian rhythms, leading to poor sleep quality and perhaps physical and mental health issues. Glare caused by artificial lights may contribute to some motor vehicle accidents.

Community officials or local groups may implement intervention strategies to mitigate the negative effects of light pollution. Artificial light, however, has both positive and negative effects that impact different locations in different ways. For example, to avoid the negative impacts of light pollution listed above, some communities opt for low-light neighborhoods which in turn might lead to increased crime. The impacts of light pollution may depend on factors such as the location’s level of development, population, biodiversity, geography, and climate. Therefore, assessing the extent of the effects and the potential impacts of any intervention strategies must be tailored to a specific location.

Requirement

COMAP’s Illumination Control Mission (ICM) is working to promote awareness of the impacts of light pollution and develop intervention strategies to mitigate those impacts. In support of this ICM work, your task is to address measuring and mitigating the effects of light pollution in various locations, incorporating both human and non-human concerns. Specifically, you should: - Develop a broadly applicable metric to identify the light pollution risk level of a location.

• Apply your metric and interpret its results on the following four diverse types of locations:
  • a protected land location,
  • a rural community,
  • a suburban community, and
  • an urban community.
• Describe three possible intervention strategies to address light pollution. Discuss specific actions to implement each strategy and the potential impacts of these actions on the effects of light pollution in general.
• Choose two of your locations and use your metric to determine which of your intervention strategies is most effective for each of them. Discuss how the chosen intervention strategy impacts the risk level for the location.
• Finally, for one of your identified locations and its most-effective intervention strategy, produce a 1-page flyer to promote the strategy for that location.

Your PDF solution of no more than 25 total pages should include:

• One-page Summary Sheet.
• Table of Contents.
• Your complete solution.
• One-page promotion flyer.
• Reference List.

Note: The ICM Contest has a 25-page limit. All aspects of your submission count toward the 25-page limit (Summary Sheet, Table of Contents, Report, One-page promotion flyer, Reference List, and any Appendices). You must cite the sources for your ideas, images, and any other materials used in your report.

把下列文字譯成中文。

Glossary

Artificial Light: Any non-naturally occurring source of light.

Circadian Rhythms: The natural 24-hour sleep-wake cycle on which humans and other organisms operate.

Glare: Excessive brightness that decreases one’s ability to see.

Intervention Strategies: Policies and/or actions that could be taken to disrupt the negative impacts of light pollution.

Light Clutter: Excessive grouping of lights.

Light Trespass: When light enters unintended areas.

Over-Illumination: Lighting at an intensity higher than what is needed for an activity or location.

Protected Land: Areas that governments or private entities protect from development due to their ecological, cultural, and/or natural importance.

Rural Community: A community located in one of the least densely populated parts of a country or region, and not easily accessible from an urban community.

Suburban Community: A community located in a moderately densely populated part of a country or region, or easily accessible from an urban community.

Urban Community: A community located in one of the most densely populated parts of a country or region.